ELLI POLUHAS DODSBO v. SWEDEN - 61564/00 [2006] ECHR 38 (17 January 2006)

BAILII is celebrating 24 years of free online access to the law! Would you consider making a contribution?
No donation is too small. If every visitor before 31 December gives just £1, it will have a significant impact on BAILII's ability to continue providing free access to the law.
Thank you very much for your support!

This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44§ 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.

The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:

1. The case originated in an application (no. 61564/00) against the Kingdom of Sweden lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Swedish national, Mrs Elli Poluha (“the applicant”), on 11 August 2000.

2. The applicant was born in 1913. She died on 21 February 2003. Her five children and sole heirs decided to pursue the application. They were represented by Sigurd Stefan Poluha. The respondent Government were represented by their Agent, Mrs Eva Jagander of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

3. The applicant, invoking Article 8 of the Convention, complained of the refusal of the authorities and the County Administrative Court to permit her to remove her husband’s urn to the family burial plot in Stockholm.

4. The application was allocated to the Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1.

5. By a decision of 31 August 2004, the Court declared the application partly admissible.

6. The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1).

7. On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Second Section (Rule 52 § 1).

8. In 1938 the applicant married an Austrian national of Ukrainian origin, who had entered Sweden the same year. Five children were born out of the marriage. The family lived in Fagersta, where the applicant’s husband worked as a sales manager until his death on 11 May 1963. His ashes were buried in a family grave at a cemetery in Fagersta. The grave has room for at least eight other urns. The contract on the burial plot is to expire on 31 December 2019, but will automatically be prolonged for 25 years when a new burial is made there. Moreover, the person possessing the right to the burial plot when the contract is about to expire is entitled to prolong it.

9. In 1980 the applicant moved to Västerås to be closer to her children. The distance between Fagersta and Västerås is 70 kilometres.

10. On 15 August 1996 the applicant requested the cemetery authorities (Västanfors-Västervåla Kyrkogårdsförvaltning) to allow the transfer of her husband’s urn to her family burial plot in Stockholm, which had been established in 1945 and has room for 32 urns. The applicant’s parents were buried there and the applicant had intended to be buried there after her death. Stockholm is situated 180 kilometres from Fagersta. The applicant submitted in addition that she had no connections to Fagersta any more, that all her children agreed to the removal and that she was sure that her husband would not have objected to the transfer.

11. By decision of 16 September 1996, her request was refused by the authorities out of respect for the notion of “a peaceful rest” under the Funeral Act (1990:1144, Begravningslagen).

12. On appeal, the County Administrative Board in Västmanland (Länsstyrelsen i Västmanlands Län) upheld the refusal.

13. The applicant appealed to the County Administrative Court in Västmanland (Länsrätten i Västmanlands Län) which, by a decision of 5 September 1997, found against her, stating as follows:

“Pursuant to chapter 1, section 6, of the Funeral Act, remains or ashes which have been buried at a cemetery may not be removed from a burial plot in order to be buried at another burial plot. However, dispensation may be granted if there are special reasons therefor and the place whereto the remains or ashes shall be removed has been determined.

According to the preparatory notes to the Act (Prop. 1990/91:10 p. 35-37), the decision on a request for the removal of remains or ashes shall be restrictive, having regard to the respect for the deceased’s right to a peaceful rest. A determination [of such a request] should be guided by the wishes expressed by the deceased whilst alive. As a general rule, it must be assumed that such a wish, if expressed, has been considered when the burial took place. The primordial condition for a transfer permit is obviously that it would not contravene the deceased’s express wishes when alive. Moreover, usually some connection of the deceased to the place of intended destination would be required.

In the present case the [applicant’s husband] worked as a sales-manager at the Fagersta factory until 1958. He died on 11 May 1963, and the urn containing his ashes was placed in grave no. 208/017, quarter no. 208 in Västerfors. [The applicant’s husband] came from Ukraine and had a Catholic Church tradition. It appears that he did not express any wishes about his burial when he was alive.

Making an overall assessment, the County Administrative Court finds that [the applicant’s husband] did not have a natural closer connection to Stockholm than he had to Fagersta. No other reasons have been submitted which could justify the disturbance of the peace of the grave after 34 years.”

14. The applicant’s request for leave to appeal was refused by the Administrative Court of Appeal in Stockholm (Kammarrätten i Stockholm) on 29 October 1997, and by the Supreme Administrative Court (Regeringsrätten) on 22 February 2000.

15. The applicant died on 21 February 2003. In accordance with her wishes, she was buried at her family burial plot in Stockholm.

16. Domestic provisions of relevance in the present case are to be found in the Funeral Act 1990 (begravningslagen; hereinafter referred to as “the Act“), which entered into force on 1 April 1991. Previously, they were contained in the Funeral Service Act 1957 (lagen om jordfästning m.m.).

It is mainly the parishes of the Church of Sweden which are responsible for burial grounds (chapter 2, section 1 of the Act) and for decisions concerning inter alia graves and burials. It is also in the first instance for the church authorities to determine requests to move the remains or ashes of a deceased person (chapters 5, 6 and 7 of the Act). A decision may be appealed to the county administrative board (chapter 11, section 6 of the Act). Further appeals lie to the competent administrative court of appeal and, subject to the grant of leave to appeal, to the Supreme Administrative Court (chapter 11, section 7 of the Act).

When a person dies, his or her wishes concerning cremation and burial should, as far as possible, be followed (chapter 5, section 1 of the Act). This was also the rule under the Funeral Act 1957, the legislation applicable at the time of the death of the applicant’s husband. If there is a dispute between the survivors about where the burial should take place, it is for the county administrative board to decide (chapter 5, section 4 of the Act).

Once remains or ashes have been buried, moving them from one place to another is in principle not allowed. However, permission to move remains or ashes may be granted if special reasons exist and if the place to which they will be moved has clearly been stated (chapter 6, section 1 of the Act). Nevertheless, the grave must not be opened in such a way that the remains or ashes are damaged (chapter 2, section 13 of the Act).

The provisions of chapter 6, section 1 of the Act are based on the respect for the sanctity of the grave. This is also the reason why the provisions regarding the removal of remains and ashes are restrictive; a deceased’s grave shall be left in peace and may only be disturbed under special circumstances. According to the preparatory notes to the Act (Government Bill 1990/91:10, p. 35), the removal of remains or ashes may be permitted if a mistake occurred at the time of the burial, if the remains of a husband, wife, parents or young child are to be brought together or, in some cases, when a refugee or immigrant should be allowed to take the remains of a deceased relative back to the country of origin. The deceased’s own wishes should serve as guidance for the transfer decision. When such wishes are not known, regard should be paid to the deceased’s attachment to the place where he or she is buried. As a rule, removal should not be permitted if the deceased is buried in a place where he or she was active for a large part of his or her life. If, however, the cemetery is situated in a place where the deceased lived only temporarily, removal may be permitted.

In addition, the deceased should have had some connection with the place to which the remains are to be removed. According to the preparatory notes (ibid, pp. 36-37), examples of such a connection could be that the deceased had grown up in that place, that he or she had relatives or a family grave there, or perhaps had had a holiday home there. As regards husbands and wives, it may be permitted to move one of the deceased’s remains to bring them together in one common grave, especially if the one who died last cannot, for some reason, be buried in the same place as the first. Particular regard may be had to the wishes of the last survivor concerning the common burial place.

17. In 1994 the Supreme Administrative Court ruled on several cases concerning the interpretation of chapter 6, section 1 of the Act (RÅ 1994 ref 93 I-IV). These judgments disclose a restrictive interpretation. For instance, the fact that the surviving relatives have moved, that there is a long distance between the burial place and their new home, or that public transport to a burial place may be lacking, are not considered to be sufficient grounds for a transfer. In three cases, the Supreme Administrative Court, referring to the preparatory notes of the Act and the reasons stated in the requests, found that those reasons were not sufficient to permit removal of the deceased’s remains or ashes. These cases concerned, respectively, a fiancée who wanted to move her fiancé’s grave, a husband who wanted to move his wife’s grave, and a daughter who wanted to move her father’s grave. In another case, however, which concerned a mother’s request to move her child’s grave to her husband’s burial place, the Supreme Administrative Court found that there were sufficient reasons to allow the transfer.

In the case concerning a daughter’s request to move her father’s grave, the former intended to bury the latter in the same cemetery where her recently deceased mother had wished to be buried. The Supreme Administrative Court held that the complainant’s father had lived and worked in Malmö and was buried there in his grandfather’s family grave. Considering the father’s connection to Malmö, the Supreme Administrative Court found no reason to presume that his burial there had been a mistake, and it found that there were no other sufficient reasons to permit - after 30 years - the removal of the remains.

18. The applicant complained that the refusal to allow her remove her husband’s urn to the family plot in Stockholm was in breach of Article 8 of the Convention, which reads in so far as relevant as follows:

2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society... for the prevention of disorder..., for the protection of... morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.”

19. The Government did not dispute that the refusal to grant permission to remove the urn from one burial place to another involved an interference with the applicant’s private life. They maintained, however, that the interference was in accordance with the law, that it served legitimate aims and that it was justified under Article 8 § 2 of the Convention.

20. As to the legitimate aims, the Government observed that the principle of the sanctity of graves has a longstanding tradition and is founded on reverence for the deceased, common to all mankind and existing in most cultures. Thus, the strict approach taken by the law, and by the public authorities in its application, serves to prevent disorder and to protect morals in society at large. In addition, the Government submitted that this restrictive approach is also important in order to prevent conflicts arising amongst relatives on the subject. Moreover, cemeteries and burial places should not be regarded as temporary repositories for the deceased’s remains or ashes. In other words, it may be said that what is at stake is the right of the living to be assured that, after death, their remains will be treated with respect. Thus, in the present case, the interference also served to protect the right of others.

21. As to the issue of necessity, the Government submitted that States should be afforded a wide margin of appreciation in cases of this kind, where the authorities and the courts have to balance the interests of the person requesting the removal with society’s role in ensuring that graves are not disturbed. In addition, in the present case there were no indications that the applicant’s husband had not been buried in accordance with his wishes; he was buried in the region where he had lived and worked for 25 years; he had settled in Fagersta with his wife at the start of their marriage and raised five children there; the burial site was a family grave, large enough for his entire family, eventually. It should also be noted that, after her husband’s death in 1963, the applicant continued to live in Fagersta until 1980. Moreover, in the present case there was no obstacle to the applicant having her final resting place in the same cemetery as that of her husband.

22. The applicant disagreed with the Government and maintained that the burial plot in Stockholm is the “real” family burial plot, which is shown inter alia by the fact that the contract on it is irrevocable, whereas that in Fagersta is only temporary. In addition, the applicant’s children have a connection with Stockholm but not with Fagersta any longer.

23. The Court reiterates that the concepts of “private and family life” are broad terms not susceptible to exhaustive definition (see, for example, Pretty v. the United Kingdom, no. 2346/02, § 61, ECHR 2002-III and Pannullo and Forte v. France, no. 37794/97, §35, ECHR 2001-X). It notes the findings of the former Commission that an applicant’s wish to have his ashes spread over his own land fell within the sphere of the former notion (see application no. 8741/79, decision of 10 March 1981, DR 24, p. 137). However, in that case, the Commission also found, given the personal choices involved, that not every regulation on burials constituted an interference with the exercise of this right, and thus it declared the application inadmissible.

24. In the present case the Government have not disputed that the refusal to allow the removal of the urn involved an interference with the applicant’s private life. The Court does not consider it necessary to determine whether such a refusal involves the notions of “family life” or “private life”, cited in Article 8 of the Convention, but will proceed on the assumption that there has been an interference, within the meaning of Article 8 § 1 of the Convention.

25. Accordingly, it must be determined whether that interference was justified under Article 8 § 2 of the Convention, or more specifically whether the domestic authorities and courts were entitled to consider that the refusal to move the urn was “necessary in a democratic society” for the prevention of disorder, for the protection of morals, and/or for the protection of the rights of others. This assessment entails balancing the individual’s interest in having a burial transfer against society’s role in ensuring the sanctity of graves. In the Court’s view, this is such an important and sensitive issue that the States should be afforded a wide margin of appreciation.

26. In the present case, on the one hand, the removal of the urn appears, in practical terms, to be quite easy and no public health interests seem to be involved. On the other hand, there are no indications that the applicant’s husband was not buried in accordance with his wishes, on the contrary. In principle, it must be assumed that account was taken of any such wish when the burial took place. Moreover, at the relevant time, although having no connection to Stockholm, the applicant’s husband, the applicant, or both together, could have chosen that he be buried with his in-laws at the family burial plot in Stockholm, established in 1945. Instead, in 1963 when the applicant’s husband died, the family burial plot in Fagersta was established and he was buried there, in the town where he had lived for 25 years, since his arrival to Sweden, and the town where he had worked and raised his family.

27. Finally, nothing prevented the applicant from having her final resting place in the same burial ground as that of her husband, albeit in Fagersta, the town where she continued to live until 1980, 17 years after her husband’s death.

28. The Court finds that the Swedish authorities took all relevant circumstances into consideration and balanced them carefully; the reasons given by them for refusing the transfer of the urn were relevant and sufficient; and the national authorities acted within the wide margin of appreciation afforded to them in such matters.

29. Accordingly, there has been no violation of the applicant’s rights under Article 8 of the Convention.

Holds by 4 votes to 3 that there has been no violation of Article 8 of the Convention.

Done in English, and notified in writing on 17 January 2006, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

In accordance with Article 45 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 74 § 2 of the Rules of Court, the following dissenting opinion of Messrs Türmen, Ugrekhelidze and Mrs Mularoni is annexed to this judgment.

We regret we are unable to agree with the majority that there has been no violation of the applicant’s rights under Article 8 of the Convention.

According to domestic provisions, permission to move remains or ashes may be granted if special reasons exist and if the place to which they will be moved has clearly been stated. Nevertheless, the grave must not be opened in such a way that the remains or ashes are damaged.

According to the preparatory notes to the Funeral Act 1990, the removal of remains or ashes may be permitted if the remains of spouses are to be brought together. It may be permitted to move one of the deceased’s remains to bring them together in one common grave, especially if the one who died last cannot, for some reason, be buried in the same place as the first. Particular regard may be had to the wishes of the last survivor concerning the common burial place (see § 16 of the judgment).

The Government did not dispute that the refusal to grant permission to remove the urn from one burial place to another involved an interference with the applicant’s private life. They maintained, however, that the interference was in accordance with the law, that it served legitimate aims and that it was justified under Article 8§2 of the Convention.

As to the legitimate aims invoked by the Government (see § 20 of the judgment), we are deeply convinced that the principle of the sanctity of graves is a very important one and has to be respected. However, we have difficulties in seeing how the removal of the urn of the applicant’s husband from a burial plot in Fagersta to the family burial plot in Stockholm could jeopardize such principle. The required removal would have taken place from a sacred place to a different sacred place, without any risk of disorder or attack to morals. No conflict amongst relatives arose, both the applicant and her five children and sole heirs having agreed to the removal. Although we agree that removal of remains or ashes should be strictly regulated to ensure their respect, nothing in the circumstances of the case could make us believe that the applicant and her children had regarded cemeteries and burial places as temporary repository for the deceased’s ashes. Sanctity of graves and reverence for the deceased can be regarded in many respects, including visiting graves and bringing flowers on them. We consequently doubt that it could be said that the interference in the applicant’s rights under Article 8 pursued a legitimate aim.

However, even assuming that the interference in the applicant’s rights under Article 8 could be said to pursue one or more legitimate aims, we consider unconvincing the Government’s (see § 21 of the judgment) and the majority’s (see §§ 26 and 27 of the judgment) arguments concerning the “necessity of the interference in a democratic society”.

As the majority highlights, the removal of the urn appears, in practical terms, to be quite easy and no public health interests seems to be involved: such reasons have never been invoked by domestic authorities, the applicant’s husband having died 34 years before the decision of the County Administrative Court in Västmanland of 5 September 1997 and his remains being in an urn.

It is true that there are no indications that the applicant’s husband was not buried in accordance with his wishes. However, it is also true that the applicant did not express any wish as to his resting place and the Funeral Act 1990 provides for particular regard to be had to the wishes of the last surviving spouse concerning the common burial place.

The applicant and her children lived in Fagersta when her husband died in May 1963. It is for us easily understandable that the applicant at that time decided to have her husband buried in the town where she and her children were living, since it would have been easy for the whole family to visit the cemetery. The children having grown up, in 1980 the applicant moved to Västeras to be closer to them. In 1996, having decided to be buried after her death in the family burial plot in Stockholm, she requested the cemetery authorities and then the national courts to allow the transfer of her husband’s urn to her family burial plot in Stockholm, specifying that she had no connections to Fagersta anymore, that all her children agreed to the removal and that her husband would not have objected to the transfer.

In addition, the burial plot in Stockholm is a family plot and that the contract on it is irrevocable, whereas that in Fagersta is only temporary.

In view of all these considerations, we are of the opinion that the applicant’s interest in moving the ashes of her spouse to the family grave in Stockholm weighs more heavily than the public interest invoked by the Government.

We therefore conclude that even assuming that the interference in the applicant’s rights under Article 8 pursued legitimate aims, it was not necessary in a democratic society. We consequently find that there has been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention.

	[Home] [Databases] [World Law] [Multidatabase Search] [Help] [Feedback]
	European Court of Human Rights
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> European Court of Human Rights >> ELLI POLUHAS DODSBO v. SWEDEN - 61564/00 [2006] ECHR 38 (17 January 2006) URL: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2006/38.html Cite as: (2007) 45 EHRR 22, [2006] ECHR 38