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FOURTH
SECTION
CASE OF
ANNA TODOROVA v. BULGARIA
(Application
no. 23302/03)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
24
May 2011
This
judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44
§ 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Anna Todorova v.
Bulgaria,
The
European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber
composed of:
Nicolas
Bratza,
President,
Lech
Garlicki,
Ljiljana
Mijović,
Sverre
Erik Jebens,
Zdravka
Kalaydjieva,
Nebojša
Vučinić,
Vincent
A. de Gaetano,
judges,
and
Fatoş Aracı, Deputy
Section Registrar,
Having
deliberated in private on 3 May 2011,
Delivers
the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
- The
case originated in an application (no. 23302/03) against the Republic
of Bulgaria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention
for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the
Convention”) by a Bulgarian and Belgian national, Ms Anna
Nikolova Todorova (“the applicant”), on 18 July 2003.
- The
applicant was represented by Mr S. Yankov, a lawyer practising in
Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The Bulgarian Government (“the Government”)
were represented by their Agent, Ms M. Dimova, of the Ministry of
Justice.
- The
applicant alleged that the authorities had not properly investigated
the death of her son in a road
traffic accident and had deprived her of any redress in that
regard. She also alleged that her civil claim against the person
allegedly responsible for the accident had not been determined within
a reasonable time.
- The
Belgian Government, having been informed of their right to intervene
in the case (Article 36 § 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 §
1 of the Rules of Court), did not avail themselves of that
opportunity.
- By
a decision of 8 December 2009, the Court (Fifth Section) declared the
application admissible.
- The
application was later transferred to the Fourth Section of the Court,
following the re composition of the Court’s sections on 1
February 2011.
- Neither
the applicant nor the Government filed further observations.
THE FACTS
I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
- The
applicant was born in 1949 and lives in Seraing, Belgium.
- On
24 October 1994 her son, Mr Zhivko Todorov Todorov, who was born in
1972 and lived in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, was involved in a road traffic
accident. On 2 November 1994 he died from his injuries.
A. The events of 24 October 1994 and Mr Todorov’s
death
- In the autumn of 1994 Mr Todorov befriended S.N. On
the morning of 24 October 1994 the two travelled from Plovdiv to
Varna. They were travelling by car, a BMW 5 Series belonging to a
company owned by S.N.’s family. In the afternoon they left
Varna and headed back to Plovdiv. On their way back, they passed
through the town of Chirpan at about 10 p.m., where they met S.N.’s
brother and two friends of his, I.M. and I.I. According to later
statements of S.N. and a friend of his, S.S. (see paragraphs 27 and 28
below), shortly after that on the road to Plovdiv they saw S.S.,
whose car was stopped at the side of the road because he had a flat
tyre. They lent him the BMW’s spare tyre and continued on their
way.
- When, some time after 11 p.m., they were passing
through the village of Plodovitovo, where the speed limit was fifty
kilometres per hour, they started overtaking a lorry with a trailer.
The lorry, driven by P.P., reached a crossroad and started turning
left. The BMW was moving behind it at about one hundred kilometres
per hour. It did not slow down and collided head on with the
lorry’s trailer. Immediately after the crash the BMW caught
fire. P.P., who had not sustained any injuries, got out of the lorry
and, with the help of the driver of a Lada Niva with registration
plates from the town of Yambol, took Mr Todorov and S.N. out of the
burning BMW.
- At about midnight Mr Todorov and S.N. were taken to a
hospital in Chirpan. Mr Todorov was in a very bad condition and
unconscious. S.N.’s injuries, although serious, were not as
critical. Some time later a police officer came to the hospital. He
was unable to interview Mr Todorov or S.N., the former being
unconscious and the latter apparently being in a state of shock and
incapable of making coherent statements. After that the officer
visited the scene of the accident and took notes and pictures.
- On 28 October 1994 Mr Todorov was transferred to a
hospital in Plovdiv. He did not regain consciousness and died on 2
November 1994.
- On 3 November 1994 a doctor from the forensic medicine
department of the Plovdiv Medical University performed an autopsy on
Mr Todorov’s body. He found numerous traumatic injuries to
his head, limbs and internal organs. The doctor’s conclusion
was that he had died from his brain injuries. In his opinion, these
injuries had been caused by the impact of the collision.
B. The criminal proceedings
- On the night of the accident the police opened an
inquiry into the actions of S.N. on suspicion that, by breaching road
traffic regulations, he had caused the accident and had thus
negligently inflicted bodily injury on Mr Todorov.
- On 25 October 1994 the police interviewed P.P. He
described the accident and said that he had taken the two injured men
out of the BMW with the help of other drivers who had stopped nearby.
The same day he gave a blood sample. The sample was analysed on 1
November 1994 and it was determined that his blood had no alcohol
content.
- On
16 December 1994 the officer investigating the case asked an expert
to determine whether Mr Todorov’s death had been a result of
the accident.
- On 3 January 1995 the police sent the case to the
Chirpan District Prosecutor’s Office, proposing to convert the
inquiry into a fully fledged homicide investigation. The case was
then forwarded to the Stara Zagora Regional Prosecutor’s
Office, which on 20 January 1995 opened a criminal investigation.
- On 9 February 1995 the investigator to whom the case
had been assigned asked an expert to determine whether P.P. had
manoeuvred properly. In his report, filed on 5 March 1995, the expert
said that P.P. had carried out the left turn correctly and that the
accident had occurred because of the BMW’s high speed, well
above the maximum allowed on that part of the road.
- On
1 March 1995 the investigator interviewed P.P. again.
- On
7 March 1995 the investigator asked an expert to determine (a) the
exact spot where the BMW and the lorry’s trailer had collided;
(b) the BMW’s and the lorry’s exact speed before the
accident; (c) the distance between the BMW and the lorry at the time
the lorry began its left turn; and (d) whether it had been possible
for the BMW’s driver to avoid the accident. In his report,
filed on 13 March 1995, the expert said that (a) the collision had
taken place on the road; (b) the lorry had been travelling at
thirteen kilometres per hour and the BMW at about one hundred
kilometres per hour; (c) the BMW had been eighty three metres
behind the lorry at the time the lorry had started to turn; and that
(d) the BMW’s driver could have stopped before the collision
point.
- It
seems that no procedural steps were taken during the following
months.
- On 6 September 1995 the investigator sent the file to
the Stara Zagora Regional Prosecutor’s Office with a
recommendation to discontinue the proceedings. On 26 September 1995
that Office referred the case back, noting that, although more than
half a year had passed following the opening of the proceedings, the
inquiries had not been comprehensive and thorough. No steps had been
carried out with the participation of S.N. and various other pieces
of evidence had not been gathered.
- In the meantime, on 14 September 1995 the applicant
and her husband, who later passed away, brought a civil party claim
against S.N.
- On 23 October 1995 the investigator interviewed S.N.
He described the events of 24 October 1994 and asserted that,
although the BMW had belonged to his and his brother’s company,
Mr Todorov had been the one driving it at the time of the accident.
He also said that he would be able to find witnesses who could
confirm that assertion.
- On 17 November 1995 the investigator interviewed P.P.
once again. He mentioned the driver of the Lada Niva (see paragraph 11
above), but said that he did not remember his name or the exact
number of his registration plates. He described how the two of them
had taken the two injured men out of the BMW, and said that the one
behind the wheel had been S.N. After that the investigator organised
an identity parade at which P.P. identified S.N. as the BMW’s
driver.
- On 22 November 1995 the investigator interviewed S.S.
He said that he knew S.N. well, but had not known Mr Todorov at all.
He also said that when S.N. and Mr Todorov had stopped to help him
with the flat tyre, the one driving the BMW had been Mr Todorov.
- On 24 November 1995 the investigator charged S.N. and
interviewed him. S.N. asserted that the person driving the BMW at the
time of the accident had been Mr Todorov. On the way from Varna they
had switched several times, but at the time of the accident the one
behind the wheel had been Mr Todorov. This had been witnessed by
several people in Chirpan. It had also been witnessed by his friend,
S.S., on the road between Chirpan and the place of the accident.
- The same day the investigator interviewed I.M. and
I.I., who said that they had been having dinner with S.N.’s
brother in Chirpan when they had met S.N. and Mr Todorov. They also
said that they were acquainted with S.N., but had known Mr Todorov
only by sight. Both of them stated that the one driving the BMW at
the time of their meeting had been Mr Todorov.
- On 7 December 1995 the investigator sent the case to
the Stara Zagora Regional Prosecutor’s Office, recommending
that the proceedings be discontinued. He noted that the technical
expert report and the inspection of the site of the accident showed
that the accident had been the fault of the BMW’s driver. The
only contentious issue was whether this had been S.N. or Mr Todorov.
P.P. had stated that the one behind the wheel had been S.N. However,
the latter had disputed this assertion and had provided three
witnesses – I.M., I.I. and S.S. – who had all asserted
that the one driving the BMW had been Mr Todorov. It could therefore
be concluded that the BMW had been driven by Mr Todorov.
- On 10 January 1996 the Stara Zagora Regional
Prosecutor’s Office referred the case back to the investigator
for additional investigation.
- On 18 January 1996 the investigator interviewed the
police officer who had started the inquiry. He said that he had first
gone to the hospital and then to the scene of the accident, but was
unable to say which of the two persons in the BMW had been the
driver.
- On 4 April 1996 the investigator asked two medical
experts to assess the extent of S.N.’s injuries and to express
an opinion on whether he had indeed been unable to make coherent
statements after the accident. In their report, filed on 9 May 1996,
the experts said that it was impossible to determine this solely from
the materials in the file because shortly before the accident S.N.
had been involved in another road traffic accident. It was necessary
to examine him personally.
- On
11 July 1996 the investigator asked five experts to express their
opinion on whether Mr Todorov or S.N. had been driving the BMW at the
time of the accident. However, the experts were unable to examine
S.N., who had gone missing, and the report could not be completed. On
30 December 1996 the experts sent the file back to the
investigator and asked him to order that S.N. be compelled to appear.
- On 11 April 1997 the Stara Zagora Regional
Prosecutor’s Office, to which the file had been sent, returned
it for further investigation. It ordered that S.N. be compelled to
submit to an examination by the experts.
- On 24 April 1997 the investigator requested the police
to trace S.N. with a view to summoning him. The police supplied
information about his address on 2 May 1997. On 13 May 1997 he was
summoned for 20 May 1997, but failed to appear. Accordingly, on 9
July 1997 the investigator ordered that he be brought by force. On 23
July 1997 the Stara Zagora Regional Prosecutor’s Office decided
to place him in custody. On 21 November 1997 instructions were
given for him to be found.
- On 30 March 1998 S.N. appeared before the
investigator. He was charged, interviewed and allowed to examine the
file with his counsel. He said that he stood by his previous
statements.
- On
13 October 1998 the investigator sent the case to the Chirpan
District Prosecutor’s Office, recommending that S.N. be brought
to trial.
- On 26 January 1999 the Stara Zagora Regional
Prosecutor’s Office sent the case back to the investigator,
noting, among other things, that he had not properly worded the
charge, that no information had been gathered on any previous road
traffic offences committed by S.N., and that the medical expert
report ordered on 11 July 1996 had not been finalised. It instructed
the investigator to examine whether P.P. had made the left turn in
line with road traffic rules and, if he found that this was not the
case, to charge him as well.
- On
9 February 1999 the investigator asked an expert to determine whether
P.P. had turned left properly. In his report, filed on 5 March 1999,
the expert stated that P.P. had not breached any road traffic rules.
- On 11 March 1999 the investigator asked five experts
to determine, on the basis of the injuries sustained by Mr Todorov
and S.N., which of the two had been driving the BMW at the time of
the accident. The experts studied the documents in the file,
including the medical report drawn up when Mr Todorov had been
admitted to the hospital in Chirpan, his autopsy report, and a
medical report on S.N.’s condition on the day after the
accident. On 8 June 1999 they examined S.N. and on 11 June 1999
subjected him to an X-ray and a CAT scan. However, they were not able
to inspect the BMW, as it had apparently disappeared.
- On 14 July 1999 the investigator interviewed S.N. in
relation to the BMW’s whereabouts. He said that he had left it
on a street in the village of Gradina. Somebody had later removed it
from there and he had no idea where it was.
- In their report the experts said that, without
inspecting the BMW and on the basis of the medical data alone, they
could not reach a definite conclusion as to which of the two had been
driving it at the time of the accident.
- On
23 August 1999 the investigator charged S.N. anew and interviewed
him, and on 7 September 1999 ordered that the applicant be allowed to
participate in the proceedings as a civil claimant.
C. The discontinuance of the proceedings and the
applicant’s legal challenge against that
- On
15 September 1999 the investigator sent the case to the Stara Zagora
Regional Prosecutor’s Office, proposing that S.N. be brought to
trial.
- However, on 27 September 1999 the Stara Zagora
Regional Prosecutor’s Office decided to discontinue the
proceedings, reasoning that it had not been conclusively established
who had been driving the BMW at the time of the accident. According
to I.M., I.I. and S.S., it had been Mr Todorov, whereas P.P.
maintained that it had been S.N. The experts had been unable to
arrive at a categorical conclusion on this point. It was also unclear
whether the line in the middle of the carriageway had been continuous
or dotted. Therefore, the accusation had not been proved. On 19 May
2001 the prosecutor’s office sent the case of its own motion to
the Stara Zagora Regional Court.
- In a decision of 6 June 2001 the Stara Zagora Regional
Court, noting that in accordance with an intervening legislative
amendment the decision to discontinue an investigation was no longer
subject to automatic review by the courts, but could only be reviewed
pursuant to an application by those concerned, referred the case back
to the prosecution authorities with instructions to inform the
applicant of the discontinuance.
- On 27 June 2001 a prosecutor of the Stara Zagora
Regional Prosecutor’s Office again discontinued the
investigation. He described the circumstances of the accident and
said that it was clear that the BMW’s driver had breached road
traffic regulations, whereas P.P. had properly made a left turn.
However, despite taking all the necessary steps, the investigation
had been unable to ascertain who had been driving the BMW at the time
of the accident. Three witnesses – I.M., I.I. and S.S. –
were categorical that the BMW had been driven by Mr Todorov. The
experts were unable to arrive at a definite conclusion on this point.
The police officer who had inspected the scene could not say who had
been driving the BMW either. On the other hand, P.P., when
interviewed, had stated that the BMW had been driven by S.N., and had
identified him as the driver during an identity parade. It was also
unclear whether the line in the middle of the carriageway had been
continuous or dotted. Therefore, the accusation had not been proved.
- This decision was sent to the applicant on 2 January
2003.
- On 10 January 2003 the applicant sought judicial
review by the Stara Zagora Regional Court. She argued that the
conclusion that it could not be determined whether S.N. had been
behind the wheel at the time of the accident was based on incomplete
evidence. The authorities’ preference for the testimony of
I.M., I.I. and S.S., who had not witnessed the accident, over the
testimony of P.P., who had taken the victims out of the burning BMW,
was unwarranted. The discrepancy between their versions should have
been elucidated through a confrontation. She further pointed out that
it would not have been very hard to establish the identity of the
Lada Niva’s driver and then interview him, which had not been
done.
- On
24 January 2003 the court, observing that the prosecution
authorities had failed to serve a copy of the application on S.N.,
referred the case back to them with instructions to do so. They
apparently complied with these instructions and re-sent the file to
the court.
- After holding a hearing on 7 May 2003, in a decision
of 23 May 2003 the court upheld the decision to discontinue the
proceedings. It held that when hearing a challenge against a decision
discontinuing a criminal investigation it could not scrutinise the
manner in which the prosecution authorities had assessed the
evidence, nor take their place and fill in the gaps in their
reasoning. It was not competent to gather fresh evidence either; its
assessment had to be based on the available material. Accordingly,
even if it were to find gaps in it, it could not set aside the
discontinuance decision on that ground.
- The applicant appealed, but, following a legislative
amendment effective from 3 June 2003 and providing that
first instance court decisions reviewing prosecutor’s
decisions to discontinue criminal investigations were final, the
court terminated the proceedings on 23 June 2003.
- Throughout
the proceedings the applicant wrote many letters to the prosecuting
authorities, urging them to expedite the processing of the case. On
some of those occasions the Chief Prosecutor’s Office sent
letters to the lower prosecutor’s offices, instructing them to
finalise the case promptly.
D. The civil proceedings brought by the applicant
against S.N.
- On 7 December 1998 the applicant brought a tort claim
against S.N. in the Plovdiv Regional Court. After holding a hearing
on 5 February 1999, on 16 March 1999 the court stayed the proceedings
pending the outcome of the criminal investigation. On several
occasions between 2001 and 2003 it enquired about the investigation’s
progress. On 22 December 2003, following the upholding of the
investigation’s discontinuance, it resumed the examination of
the claim.
- The court then held two hearings, on 11 February and 9
April 2004. The applicant could not be found and summoned for the
first of those at her home, and was regarded as summoned under a rule
allowing constructive summoning where a party failed to inform the
court of a change of address. The court summoned the applicant for
the second hearing through the counsel who represented her before the
proceedings were stayed. However, neither the applicant nor the
lawyer appeared. The court admitted in evidence the prosecutor’s
decision to discontinue the criminal proceedings and the decision
whereby the Stara Zagora Regional Court had upheld the discontinuance
(see paragraphs 48 and 52 above).
- The Plovdiv Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s
claim on 10 May 2004. It held as follows:
“[The] prosecutor’s decision [of 27
September 1999 – see paragraph 46 above] and [the] Stara Zagora
Regional Court’s decision [of 23 May 2003 – see paragraph
52 above] were admitted in evidence without being challenged. The
prosecutor’s decision shows that the criminal proceedings
against [S.N.] under Article 343 § 1 (c), read in conjunction
with Article 342 § 1 of the Criminal Code [see paragraph 60
below] have been discontinued for lack of evidence. The reasons for
the discontinuance are that it was not established in a categorical
manner who had driven the car at the time of the road traffic
accident, and that there was a lack of categorical findings as to
whether the line in the middle of the carriageway at the area of the
accident had been continuous or dotted.
In those circumstances, the [court] finds that the
claims under section 45(1) of the Obligations and Contracts Act [see
paragraph 61 below] are unfounded and should not be allowed. ...”
- Notice of the court’s judgment was sent to the
applicant’s address in Bulgaria, but could not be delivered
because she no longer lived there. Another notice was sent to the
above mentioned lawyer; it was received by a colleague of his on
8 June 2004.
- There is no indication that the applicant appealed
against the judgment.
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW
- Article 343 § 1 (c), read in conjunction with
Article 342 § 1 of the Criminal Code 1968, makes it an offence
to cause the death of another by driving in reckless disregard of
road traffic regulations. The penalty on conviction is up to six
years’ imprisonment.
- The civil law consequences of road traffic
accidents are governed by the general law of torts. The relevant
provisions are set out in sections 45 to 54 of the Obligations and
Contracts Act 1951 (Закон за
задълженията
и договорите).
Section 45(1) provides that everyone is obliged to make good the
damage which they have, through their fault, caused to another. In
all cases of tortious conduct, fault is presumed unless proved
otherwise (section 45(2)). Compensation is due for all damage
that is a direct and proximate result of the tortious act (section
51(1)). The amount of compensation in respect of non pecuniary
damage is to be determined by the court in equity (section 52).
- The law concerning civil party claims in criminal
proceedings and separate civil claims is set out in the Court’s
admissibility decision in the case of Tonchev v. Bulgaria
((dec.), no. 18527/02, 14 October 2008) and in paragraphs 29 and 30
of the Court’s judgment in the case of Dinchev v. Bulgaria
(no. 23057/03, 22 January 2009).
- The provisions governing discontinuance of criminal
proceedings before trial are set out in the Court’s decision in
the case of Nenkov v. Bulgaria ((dec.), no. 24128/02, 7
October 2008).
- The rules governing stays of civil proceedings and the
effects of a decision to discontinue a criminal investigation on the
examination of a separate civil claim arising out of the same events
were at the relevant time contained in Articles 182, 183 and 222 the
Code of Civil Procedure 1952. They provided as follows:
Article 182 § 1
“The court shall stay the proceedings:
...
(d) whenever criminal elements, the
determination of which is decisive for the outcome of the civil
dispute, are discovered in the course of the civil proceedings.”
Article 183 § 1
“Proceedings which have been stayed shall be
resumed on the court’s own motion or upon a party’s
request after the respective obstacles have been removed...”
Article 222
“The final judgment of a criminal court is binding
on the civil court which examines the civil consequences of the
criminal act in relation to the points whether the act was
perpetrated, whether it was unlawful, and whether the perpetrator was
guilty of it.”
- The former Supreme Court has given a number of rulings
as to the effect of the above provisions.
- In a decision of 1 December 1966 (тълк.
реш. № 142 от 1 декември
1966, ОСГК на ВС),
the General Meeting of the Civil Chambers of the former Supreme
Court, in giving a binding interpretation of Articles 182 § 1 (e)
and 222 of the Code, held that a prosecutorial decision discontinuing
a criminal prosecution on the ground that the accused has not
committed the impugned act is, unlike a judgment of conviction or
acquittal, not binding on the civil court that rules on the civil
consequences of that act.
- In a judgment of 18 January 1980 (реш.
№ 3421 от 18 януари
1980 г. по гр. д. №
1366/1979 г., ВС, I г. о.), the First
Civil Division of the Supreme Court held:
“In principle, the fact that a criminal offence
[has been committed] may be established only in proceedings under the
Code of Criminal Procedure. That is why, by Article 182 [§ 1]
(d) of the Code of Civil Procedure [1952], where an alleged civil
right derives from a fact which amounts to an offence under the
Criminal Code, the civil court is bound to stay the civil
proceedings. That is necessary in order to follow the judgment of the
criminal court. This is mandatory for the civil courts in all cases,
regardless of the criminal offence to which [the proceedings] relate.
The binding force of the judgments of criminal courts is set out in
Article 222 of the Code of Civil Procedure [1952].
Under [that provision], the final judgment of a criminal
court is binding on the civil court which examines the civil
consequences of the criminal act in relation to the points whether
the act was perpetrated, whether it was unlawful, and whether the
perpetrator was guilty of it. The law does not allow the [civil]
court freely to assess the evidence and requires that court, in order
to abide by the criminal judgment, to regard as established the facts
that that judgment has found to have occurred or otherwise. The
criminal court’s judgment is res judicata in relation to
the matters mentioned in Article 222. That res judicata effect
has to be taken into account by all courts and State authorities. It
cannot be challenged when the criminal court’s judgment has
taken effect. It presupposes that the act that forms the subject
matter of the criminal judgment and the act that needs to be
established in the civil proceedings coincide. It does not matter
whether the act has been perpetrated by the defendant to the civil
action or is an act by a third party that has an effect on the
defendant’s liability. [The court] must treat as binding not
only convictions, but also acquittals, in cases where they have
established the lack of elements of the tort [in question]: for
instance, the lack of an tortious act, [or] the lack of a causal link
between the act and the damage [suffered by the claimant]. However, a
criminal court’s judgment does not need to be treated as
binding where it has acquitted the defendant on the ground that his
or her act was not criminal – an act, although not amounting to
a criminal offence, may still be a tort. The binding effect of the
criminal court’s judgment relates to all elements of the
criminal offence. When the amount of the damage is an element of the
offence, the criminal court’s findings as to that amount are
binding on the court which rules on the civil claim. When the
criminal court has made findings in relation to the amount of the
damage caused because it was an element of the criminal offence of
which a person has been accused, those findings are binding on the
court determining the civil claim. [For instance,] in the case of a
theft, where the sum of money stolen is an element of the criminal
offence, the criminal court’s findings as to that sum are
binding in the civil case. [Similarly, in] the case of the offence of
wilful mismanagement ..., the amount of damage caused is an element
of the offence; in order for the impugned act to have constituted an
offence, it must have caused significant damage. In order to
determine whether the damage is significant, the criminal court must
make findings as to its amount. That is why the amount of the damage
featuring in the criminal court’s judgment is binding [on the
civil court].”
- In a judgment of 13 December 1988 (реш.
№ 817 от 13 декември
1988 г. по гр. д. №
725/1988 г., ВС, IV г. о.), concerning
a claim for damages arising out of a road traffic accident, the
Fourth Civil Division of the former Supreme Court held:
“In dismissing the claim, the [lower] court found
that the only party responsible for the accident was the claimant,
who, at a distance of about ten metres, suddenly jumped in front of
the car in order to cross the street and that therefore, despite the
steps taken by the driver, the collision was not avoided.
That conclusion was based on the fact that the criminal
investigation against the driver had been discontinued on the grounds
of lack of evidence, lack of some of the elements rendering the act a
criminal offence, and lack of guilt.
By basing its findings on the discontinuance of the
criminal investigation, the [lower court] acted in breach of Article
222 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which provides that only the
final judgment of a criminal court is binding on the civil court
which deals with the civil consequences of the impugned act ... The
prosecutor’s decision to discontinue the investigation has no
evidential value and his or her findings are not binding on the court
dealing with the civil consequences of the act. Where there is no
judgment of a criminal court finding the accused not guilty of
causing the claimant’s injuries, the civil court must establish
whether or not the defendant has committed the alleged act on the
basis of all types of evidence admissible under the Code of Civil
Procedure. The prosecutor’s decision to discontinue the
investigation has no evidential value and does not show that the
defendant is not responsible for the road traffic accident.”
THE LAW
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE CONVENTION
- The
applicant complained that the authorities had not investigated the
death of her son properly and had deprived her of any redress in that
regard. She relied on Article 2 of the Convention which provides, in
so far as relevant:
“1. Everyone’s right to life
shall be protected by law. ...”
A. The parties’ submissions
- The
Government submitted that the investigation of the accident had
started immediately. The case had been referred back for further
investigation many times, and all required steps had been taken. The
authorities had gathered all relevant pieces of evidence, and the
investigation had been comprehensive, impartial and independent.
- In
the applicant’s view, the investigation could not be seen as
effective. She pointed out that the authorities had failed to
finalise it for an extremely long time, and asserted that they had
made glaring omissions in the gathering and assessment of evidence.
In particular, P.P. had not been properly interviewed. No attempt had
been made to identify and question the driver of the Lada Niva. S.N.
had been interviewed for the first time about a year after the
accident, which had allowed him to concoct a favourable version of
the events. No efforts had been made to verify S.S.’s statement
by, for instance, checking whether the BMW’s spare tyre was
missing. All expert reports had been ordered belatedly and had
accordingly been unable to arrive at reliable conclusions. No serious
efforts had been made to trace S.N. when he had gone missing between
1997 and 1998. No attempt had been made to test I.M.’s and
I.I.’s statements. The emergency medical doctors and nurses had
not been interviewed, and the BMW had not been inspected and
preserved for further testing. None of these deficiencies had been
rectified by the court hearing the application for judicial review of
the decision discontinuing the proceedings because of the stance that
it had taken as to its competence in such proceedings. This stance
had given the prosecution authorities unlimited discretion and had
made it possible for their fully unwarranted conclusions to stand.
B. The Court’s assessment
- Article 2 does not concern only deaths resulting from
the use of force by agents of the State. In the first sentence of its
first paragraph it lays down a positive obligation on the Contracting
States to take appropriate steps to safeguard the lives of those
within their jurisdiction. That obligation applies in the context of
any activity in which the right to life may be at stake (see
Öneryıldız v. Turkey [GC], no. 48939/99, §
71, ECHR 2004 XII). The Court has held, in relation to the
medical sphere, that in case of deaths of patients in care, whether
in the public or private sector, the above obligation calls for an
effective judicial system which can determine the cause of death and
bring those responsible to account (see Calvelli and Ciglio v.
Italy [GC], no. 32967/96, § 49, ECHR 2002 I; Vo v.
France [GC], no. 53924/00, § 89, ECHR 2004 VIII; and
Šilih v. Slovenia [GC], no. 71463/01, § 192,
9 April 2009). The same applies to deaths resulting from road traffic
accidents (see Rajkowska v. Poland (dec.), no. 37393/02, 27
November 2007).
- Although in some situations compliance with that
obligation entails resort to criminal law remedies (see
Öneryıldız, cited above, § 93, concerning
a dangerous household refuse tip, as well as Al Fayed v.
France (dec.), no. 38501/02, §§ 73 78, 27
September 2007, and Railean v. Moldova, no. 23401/04, §
28, 5 January 2010, concerning road traffic accidents in which lives
were lost in suspicious circumstances), if the infringement of the
right to life is not intentional, Article 2 does not necessarily
require such remedies; the State may meet its obligation by affording
victims a civil law remedy, either alone or in conjunction with
a criminal law one, enabling any responsibility of the
individuals concerned to be established and any appropriate civil
redress, such as an order for damages, to be obtained (see Calvelli
and Ciglio, § 51; Vo, § 90; and Šilih,
§ 194, all cited above). However, that remedy should exist
not only in theory; it must operate effectively in practice, within a
time span allowing the case to be examined without unnecessary
delay (see Calvelli and Ciglio, cited above, § 53 in
fine; Byrzykowski v. Poland, no. 11562/05, § 105
in fine, 27 June 2006; Dodov v. Bulgaria, no.
59548/00, §§ 83 in fine and 95, ECHR 2008 ...;
Šilih, cited above, § 195; G.N. and Others v.
Italy, no. 43134/05, § 96, 1 December 2009; and Oyal
v. Turkey, no. 4864/05, § 74, 23 March 2010). The
object and purpose of the Convention as an instrument for the
protection of individual human beings requires its provisions to be
interpreted and applied so as to make its safeguards practical and
effective (see Öneryıldız, cited above, §
69).
- In
the instant case, there is nothing to indicate that the death of the
applicant’s son was caused intentionally, and the circumstances
in which it occurred were not such as to raise suspicions in that
regard. Therefore, Article 2 did not necessarily call for a
criminal law remedy. The Court must then take a comprehensive
look at the procedures that were available to the applicant in
relation to her son’s death. There were two such procedures.
The first was the criminal investigation opened by the prosecuting
authorities; the applicant took part in it and brought a civil claim
(see paragraph 24 above). The second was the separate civil action
that the applicant brought against S.N. (see paragraph 55 above). The
question is whether in the concrete circumstances any of those
satisfied the State’s obligation under Article 2 of providing
an effective judicial system (see Byrzykowski, cited above,
§§ 106 and 107).
- The
Court will start by examining the manner in which the criminal
investigation unfolded, because such proceedings were by themselves
capable of meeting that obligation (see Šilih, cited
above, § 202, and Zavoloka v. Latvia, no. 58447/00, §§
36 and 39, 7 July 2009).
- The
first striking feature of that investigation is its considerable
length: it lasted in total more than six and a half years (see
paragraphs 15 and 46 above). That was owing to a number of delays and
inadequacies in the carrying out of vital investigative steps, which
made it necessary for the prosecuting authorities to refer the case
back to the investigating authorities on no less than four occasions
(see paragraphs 23, 31, 35 and 39 above, and Byrzykowski,
cited above, § 111). It then took another three years and almost
nine months to inform the applicant of the investigation’s
discontinuance and examine her legal challenge against that (see
paragraphs 46 53 above).
- Secondly
– and this point is closely related with the first – it
does not seem that the authorities in charge of the proceedings
deployed reasonable efforts to gather the evidence and establish the
facts. They were able to determine quite early on that the accident
had been the fault of the car’s driver, not the lorry’s
(see paragraphs 19 and 30 above). The only material outstanding issue
was, as noted by them, who this driver had been: the applicant’s
son or the accused, S.N. The authorities were faced with two
conflicting versions on that point. The first was that of a direct
eyewitness, P.P., who was not related to the accused and asserted
that it was he who had been driving the car. The second was that of
the accused, supported by three witnesses, I.M., I.I. and S.S., who
were friends of his and were not direct eyewitnesses (see paragraphs
25 29 above). It is beyond doubt that it is for the domestic
authorities to determine such factual issues. The question, however,
is whether they made a reasonable attempt to do so.
- To
determine the point, the investigator in charge of the case
interviewed the police officer who had started the inquiry (see
paragraph 32 above) and tried to obtain an expert opinion. However,
as both of those steps were taken a considerable time after the
events, and as the second of them was not properly pursued (see
paragraphs 33 43 above), they did not yield any information. The
authorities did not explore any other options to resolve the factual
contradiction with which they were faced.
- In
view of those oversights and, more importantly, of the inordinate
amount of time that it consumed, the criminal investigation can
hardly be regarded as effective for the purposes of Article 2. It is,
then, necessary to examine the effectiveness of the separate civil
proceedings brought by the applicant (see Šilih, §§
202 and 203, and Dodov, § 91, both cited above).
- In
the Court’s view, those proceedings were, in principle, capable
of providing adequate redress in relation to the death of the
applicant’s son (see Rajkowska, cited above). However,
the Court does not consider that they did so in the instant case, for
the following reasons.
- Firstly,
the proceedings lasted five years and almost five months, at one
level of jurisdiction, because, under the Bulgarian Code of Civil
Procedure, they had to be, and were in fact, stayed pending the
outcome of the criminal investigation (see paragraphs 55 and 64 68
above). While there was nothing inherently wrong with the stay (see
Byrzykowski, § 116, and Šilih, § 205,
both cited above), the underlying delays in the criminal
investigation were, as already noted, problematic (ibid., as well as,
mutatis mutandis, Djangozov v. Bulgaria, no. 45950/99,
§ 38, 8 July 2004, and Todorov v. Bulgaria, no. 39832/98,
§ 48, 18 January 2005). As the Court observed above, the
requirements of Article 2 cannot be met if the available remedies do
not operate effectively within a reasonable time. Indeed, while the
proceedings were stayed the applicant could not adduce any evidence,
while at the same time, with the passage of time, the availability of
such evidence greatly diminished. As noted above, the delay with
which the criminal investigating authorities acted prevented the
experts appointed by them from elucidating a vital aspect of the
case. It is true that after the proceedings were resumed, the
applicant did not take part in them and did not try to adduce
evidence in support of her claim. However, it would not be realistic
to expect her to do so after so much time had elapsed since the
events.
- Secondly,
the trial court dismissed the applicant’s claim exclusively on
the basis of the findings made in the criminal investigation (see
paragraph 57 above), which were, as already noted, tainted by the
failure to gather in due time crucial pieces of evidence (see,
mutatis mutandis, Eugenia Lazăr v. Romania, no.
32146/05, § 90, 16 February 2010). It is true that the court’s
approach could be explained by the applicant’s failure to
pursue diligently her civil claim after the proceedings were resumed,
with the result that the court did not have before it any other
evidence on which to base its ruling. It is also true that in an
appeal against the trial court’s judgment the applicant would
probably have been able to obtain from an appeal court a ruling that
the case should be examined on the basis of all the evidence, because
under Bulgarian law a civil court is not formally bound by the
findings that the prosecuting authorities make when discontinuing a
criminal investigation (see paragraphs 64 68 above, as well as
Assenov and Others v. Bulgaria, 28 October 1998, § 112,
Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998 VIII, and, in
contrast, Tarariyeva v. Russia, no. 4353/03, § 101,
14 December 2006). However, it cannot be overlooked that an appeal
would have consumed even more time, and that the applicant would have
faced even greater – possibly insuperable – difficulties,
many years after the events, to produce convincing evidence in
support of her claim (see, mutatis mutandis, Atanasova v.
Bulgaria, no. 72001/01, § 46 in fine, 2 October 2008,
and Dinchev, cited above, § 50 in fine). In as
much as the criminal investigation failed to shed sufficient light on
the facts surrounding the death of the applicant’s son, in
practice the applicant was deprived of access to the effective
judicial system required by Article 2 of the Convention (see
paragraphs 72 and 73 above). Therefore, in the specific circumstances
of this case the civil law remedy that was available to her
cannot be regarded as effective for the purposes of that provision.
- The
Court concludes that the legal system as a whole, faced with an
arguable case of a negligent act causing death, failed to provide an
adequate and timely response consonant with the State’s
obligation under Article 2 of the Convention to provide an effective
judicial system. There has therefore been a violation of that
provision.
II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 1 OF THE
CONVENTION
- The
applicant complained that her claim for damages against S.N. had not
been determined within a reasonable time. She relied on Article 6 § 1
of the Convention, which provides, in so far as relevant:
“In the determination of his civil rights and
obligations ... everyone is entitled to a ... hearing within a
reasonable time by [a] ... tribunal ...”
- The
Government submitted that the length of the criminal proceedings was
not attributable to the authorities.
- The
applicant submitted that those proceedings had lasted an inordinate
amount of time.
- Having
regard to its findings under Article 2, the Court considers that it
is not necessary to examine separately whether there has been a
violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention (see
Byrzykowski, § 121, and Šilih, § 216,
both cited above).
III. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
- Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a
violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the
internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only
partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford
just satisfaction to the injured party.”
A. Damage
- The
applicant claimed 200,000 euros (EUR) in respect of non pecuniary
damage. She submitted that she had suffered greatly as a result of
the tragic loss of her son. That suffering had been amplified by the
inability of the legal system to bring those responsible to justice
for so many years.
- The
Government did not comment on the applicant’s claim.
- The
Court observes that the State was not found liable for the death of
the applicant’s son, but solely for its failure to provide an
adequate and timely response to the road traffic accident in which he
lost his life. The Court nevertheless considers that the applicant
must have experienced severe frustration on that account. Ruling in
equity, as required under Article 41, the Court awards her EUR 8,000,
plus any tax that may be chargeable.
B. Costs and expenses
- The
applicant sought reimbursement of EUR 5,000 incurred in expenses for
the domestic proceedings, and EUR 5,000 incurred in lawyer’s
fees for the Strasbourg proceedings. She did not provide any
documents in support of her claim.
- The
Government did not comment on the applicant’s claim.
- According
to the Court’s case-law, applicants are entitled to the
reimbursement of their costs and expenses only in so far as it has
been shown that these have been, inter alia, actually
incurred. To this end, Rule 60 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules
of Court provides that applicants must enclose with their claims for
just satisfaction “any relevant supporting documents”,
failing which the Court “may reject the claims in whole or in
part”. In the present case, noting that the applicant has not
produced any documents in support of her claim, the Court does not
make any award under this head.
C. Default interest
- The
Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be
based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to
which should be added three percentage points.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT
- Holds unanimously that there has been a
violation of Article 2 of the Convention, in that the State failed to
provide an effective judicial system in relation to the death of the
applicant’s son;
- Holds unanimously that there is no need to
examine separately the complaint under Article 6 § 1 of the
Convention.
- Holds by six votes to one
(a) that
the respondent State is to pay, within three months of the date on
which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 §
2 of the Convention, EUR 8,000 (eight thousand euros) plus any tax
that may be chargeable to the applicant, in respect of non-pecuniary
damage, to be converted into Bulgarian levs at the rate applicable on
the date of settlement;
(b) that
from the expiry of the above mentioned three months until
settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a
rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank
during the default period plus three percentage points;
- Dismisses unanimously the remainder of the
applicant’s claim for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 24 May 2011, pursuant to
Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Fatoş Aracı Nicolas Bratza
Deputy
Registrar President
