European Court of Human Rights

 

 

 

THIRD SECTION

CASE OF USPANOV AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA

(Applications nos. 48053/06 and 7 others - see appended list)

 

 

 

 

JUDGMENT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

STRASBOURG

9 February 2021

 

This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.

In the case of Uspanov and Others v. Russia,

The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:

          Darian Pavli, President,
          Dmitry Dedov,
          Peeter Roosma, judges,
and Olga Chernishova, Deputy Section Registrar,

Having regard to:

the applications (nos. 48053/06 and 7 others) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by Russian nationals (“the applicants”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table;

the decision to give notice to the Russian Government (“the Government”) of the applicants’ complaints concerning their alleged ill‑treatment, unrecorded detention and the use of confession statements allegedly obtained under duress;

the parties’ observations;

Having deliberated in private on 19 January 2021,

Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:

INTRODUCTION

1.  Between 2004 and 2010 the applicants were arrested on suspicion of belonging to illegal armed groups and having committed crimes of a terrorist nature in the North Caucasus region. The applicants alleged, among other things, that they had been ill-treated by law-enforcement officers and that they had been convicted on the basis of confession statements obtained under duress.

THE FACTS

2.  The applicants are Russian nationals. Their personal details are indicated in the appendix.

3.  The Government were initially represented by Mr G. Matyushkin, Representative of the Russian Federation to the European Court of Human Rights, and then by his successor in that office, Mr M. Galperin.

4.  The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows.

A.    Uspanov v. Russia, application no. 48053/06 (lodged on 27 July 2006)

1.     The applicant’s apprehension and alleged ill-treatment between 31 October and 10 November 2004

5.  According to the applicant, on 31 October 2004 at around 4 p.m. a group of armed persons in uniforms without insignia stopped him near a local market in the village of Assinovskaya in the Sunzhenskiy District of Chechnya. According to the applicant, they were officers of the Security Service of the President of the Chechen Republic (kadyrovtsy). They hit him with the butts of their guns, put a bag over his head and put him in a car.

6.  According to the applicant, they held him in a basement. Six men beat him, forcing him to confess to various crimes, to testify against unknown people and to sign blank papers. They kicked and punched him on his torso, shoulders and hips, and beat him with pistol butts and a spade. The beatings continued for about seven days, mostly at night. The officers attached electric wires to his fingers and administered electric shocks to him every fifteen minutes. Unable to withstand the pain, the applicant signed the blank documents.

7.  On 5 or 6 November 2004 the applicant’s wife, Ms L.Kh., and his mother, Ms Z.T., went to the Gudermes Division of the Security Service of the President of the Chechen Republic. The head of the Security Service informed them that the applicant had been detained because he was suspected of belonging to illegal armed groups.

8.  Shortly thereafter the applicant was taken to an office to see his mother and wife. According to them, he could barely walk and was dragging his foot. His eyes were red and he had black bruises under them and his clothes were dirty and torn. He could barely speak and asked his relatives to bring him warm clothing and food because he had not eaten for five days.

9.  On 10 November 2004 the applicant was transferred to the Sunzhenskiy Department of the Interior (“ROVD”).

10.  On 11 November 2004 the applicant was taken to an interview. He complained to an investigator about his ill-treatment and unlawful detention but the investigator dismissed his complaints and threatened him with further ill-treatment if he did not confess to the crimes he had been accused of or refused to cooperate.

11.  On 11 November 2004 at 10.20 a.m. the investigator recorded the applicant’s arrest and he was transferred to a temporary detention centre (“IVS”).

12.  At 10.40 a.m. the applicant was interviewed as a suspect in the presence of a State-appointed lawyer. He confessed to belonging to illegal armed groups, and stated that the ROVD officers had not applied physical force to him.

13.  On 12 November 2004 the applicant was examined by an IVS doctor, who recorded bruises and haematomas on his shoulders and hips.

2.     Inquiry into the alleged ill-treatment

14.  On 7 January 2005 the applicant complained about his ill-treatment and unrecorded detention to a prosecutor.

15.  On 17 January 2005 a forensic medical expert issued report no. 35, according to which the injuries recorded on 12 November 2004 had been inflicted by a hard blunt object seven to ten days prior to the applicant’s examination.

16.  On 18 January and 22 April 2005 the prosecutor refused to open a criminal case. According to the refusals, the applicant had been arrested on 10 November 2004 during a special operation carried out by officers of the Sunzhenskiy ROVD. Referring to the officers’ explanations that the applicant had resisted arrest, the prosecutor found the applicant’s allegations of ill-treatment unfounded.

17.  On 31 August 2006, on behalf of the applicant, Ms L.Kh. challenged the refusals of 18 January and 22 April 2005 before the Achkhoy-Martan District Court. She also complained that his arrest had been recorded ten days after his actual arrest.

18.  On 11 October 2006 the court dismissed the complaint, using the same terms as in the text of the refusals.

19.  On 22 November 2006 the Supreme Court of the Chechen Republic dismissed the applicant’s subsequent appeal against the District Court’s decision as unfounded, noting that his allegations had already been examined by the Supreme Court of Chechnya during his trial.

3.     The applicant’s trial

20.  On 8 June 2005 the Supreme Court of Chechnya convicted the applicant on charges of terrorism and belonging to illegal armed groups, relying on the confession statements he had given during the investigation and sentenced him to eighteen years’ imprisonment.

21.  The applicant appealed, submitting that his conviction had been based on his confession, which had been obtained under duress. On 8 December 2005 the Supreme Court of Russia dismissed the appeal and upheld the judgment.

4.     The applicant’s correspondence with the Court

22.  According to the applicant, on 6 February 2006, while he was being held in the Chernokozovo remand prison in Chechnya, he asked officials there to send his preliminary complaint to the Court.

23.  The Court did not receive the applicant’s letter.

24.  The Government were unable to provide the Court with a copy of the outgoing-correspondence logbooks from the Chernokozovo remand prison because the time-limit for the storage of the documents in question had expired.

25.  According to the applicant, on 27 March and 15 May 2006 he sent two more letters to the Court from correctional colony no. 28 in the Arkhangelsk Region.

26.  The Court did not receive those letters either.

27.  According to the outgoing-correspondence logbooks of colony no. 28, provided by the Government, between May and July 2006 the applicant sent letters to human rights organisations and his lawyer. He did not send any addressed to the Court.

28.  On 20 November 2006 the Court received the applicant’s preliminary complaint, which was dated 27 July 2006.

29.  On 4 December 2006 the Court invited the applicant to submit a completed application form.

30.  On 2 March 2007 the applicant submitted his application form.

B.    Mutayev and Tatayev v. Russia, application no. 29924/07 (lodged on 13 July 2007)

31.  The applicants are Mr Ismail Mutayev and Mr Ismail Tatayev. Their personal details are indicated in the appendix.

1.     Alleged ill-treatment of Mr Ismail Mutayev

(a)    The applicant’s apprehension and alleged ill-treatment between 14 and 17 November 2004

32.  According to the applicant, on 14 November 2004 at a petrol station in Gudermes, a group of armed men in camouflage uniforms without insignia stopped him and forced him at gunpoint to lie down. They punched him and then handcuffed him, put him in a car and drove away.

33.  According to the applicant, these were officers of the Security Service of the President of the Chechen Republic. They took him to their headquarters in the village of Tsentoroy, where they beat him for about five to six hours. The applicant was handcuffed to a pipe. His back, shoulder, elbow, the palm of his right hand and his abdomen were burned using gas flames. He fainted on several occasions. Each time he regained consciousness, he was ordered to sign documents.

34.  On 15 November 2004 the applicant was taken to the Gudermes ROVD. The ROVD officers also beat him and threatened to pour acid on his burnt hand. The applicant signed a confession.

35.  On 17 November 2004 at 6.20 p.m. the investigator recorded the applicant’s arrest. On the same day he was transferred to the IVS of the Gudermes ROVD. According to the applicant, he was again ill-treated and subjected to electric shocks.

36.  On 18 and 23 November and 2 December 2004 the applicant confessed to belonging to illegal armed groups, blowing up military vehicles, abduction and aggravated murder.

37.  On 28 December 2004 the applicant was transferred to remand prison no. 20/1 in Grozny.

(b)    Inquiry into the alleged ill-treatment

38.  On 3 February 2005 the applicant’s lawyer complained to a prosecutor about the applicant’s arrest and his ill-treatment.

39.  On 7 February 2005 the applicant underwent a forensic medical examination. According to report no. 124 of 9 February 2005, he had a linear scar on his head, scars on his right shoulder, an extensive scar of an intense pink-red colour on his right forearm and hand, a red oval scar in the lumbar area, a scar on his chest, and two scars on both lower legs. The expert concluded that the scars had been caused by something very hot being applied to the applicant’s skin within two to three months before the examination. The scars on his legs could have been inflicted by a hard blunt object two to three months before the examination.

40.  On 17 February 2005 the investigator refused to open a criminal case, referring to the explanations of the police officers and concluding that the injuries had been inflicted before his arrest.

41.  On 11 April 2005 the applicant again complained about his ill‑treatment and that his confession statements had been given under duress.

42.  On 16 May 2005 the applicant complained about his ill-treatment to a prosecutor. He reiterated in detail the circumstances of his apprehension in Gudermes on 14 November 2004 and the ensuing ill‑treatment.

43.  On 11 May 2005 the investigator opened a criminal case into the infliction of medium harm to health by unidentified perpetrators. On 1 July 2005 the applicant was granted victim status.

44.  Between 11 July 2005 and 25 April 2008 the criminal investigation was suspended at least nine times for failure to identify a perpetrator. All of those decisions were quashed as incomplete.

45.  In the meantime, on 6 November 2005 the investigator refused to open a criminal case in respect of several police officers the applicant had identified, owing to the lack of evidence of a crime.

46.  Between 16 April and 28 October 2013 the investigation was resumed and suspended twice for failure to identify a perpetrator.

2.     Alleged ill-treatment of Mr Ismail Tatayev

(a)    The applicant’s apprehension and alleged ill-treatment between 23 August and 24 September 2004

47.  According to the applicant, on the night of 23 August 2004 a group of armed men in masks and camouflage uniform broke into his house in Gudermes. They beat him and searched the house. The applicant noticed the word “Vostok” (a military unit staffed by Chechens under the command of Mr S.Ya.) on the men’s T-shirts. The men covered the applicant’s head and, according to him, took him to the Vostok headquarters, where they subjected him to electric shocks while pouring water over his feet. The ill‑treatment lasted for about two hours, after which the applicant was unable to walk. When he fell to the ground, the men kicked him in the kidney area.

48.  On 23 August 2004 the applicant was transferred to the Gudermes ROVD. The ROVD officers questioned him about members of illegal armed groups and threatened him with further ill-treatment. They wrapped telephone wires around his head, put a gas mask over it and administered electric shocks to him. Unable to withstand the pain, the applicant confessed and also made several statements incriminating other people.

49.  According to the applicant, on 24 and 25 August 2004 the ill‑treatment continued.

50.  On 27 August 2004 an investigator recorded the applicant’s arrest. He was interviewed as a suspect in the presence of a State-appointed lawyer.

51.  On 20 September 2004 he reiterated his confession statement.

52.  According to the applicant, he was regularly ill-treated until at least 24 September 2004 with the use of gas masks and electric shocks, being forced to drink alcohol and inhale cigarette smoke, and pinching various parts of his body with pliers.

53.  On an unspecified date in March 2005, the applicant’s uncle and mother visited him in the Gudermes ROVD. According to them, the applicant looked “worn-out, pale and sick”. His eyesight had significantly deteriorated although he had had no problems with it before. He had a black bruise on his nose and wounds on his hand. It appears from the material in the case file that the applicant was not examined by a doctor either following his arrest or during his detention.

(b)    Inquiry into the alleged ill-treatment

54.  On 11 February 2005 the applicant complained to a prosecutor about his apprehension and ill-treatment and that his confessions had been obtained under duress.

55.  On 12 March 2005 during the interview with the prosecutor the applicant retracted his confession and again complained about his ill‑treatment.

56.  On 19 March 2005 the investigator refused to open a criminal case for lack of evidence of a crime, referring only to the explanations of the police officers.

57.  On 22 June 2005 the applicant lodged another complaint with a prosecutor. He complained about his apprehension and ill-treatment, reiterating his earlier submissions and giving the names and ranks of the perpetrators.

58.  On 17 November 2005 the Supreme Court of Chechnya, examining the criminal case against the applicant (see paragraph 59 below), ordered an additional inquiry into the applicants’ allegations of ill‑treatment which resulted in the refusal to open a criminal case of 30 November 2005.

3.     The applicants’ trial

59.  On 23 June 2005 the applicants’ trial before the Supreme Court of Chechnya started. The applicants pleaded not guilty and complained about their arrest and ill-treatment and that their confessions had been signed under duress.

60.  On 7 August 2006 the Supreme Court of Chechnya found the applicants guilty as charged, relying on the confessions they had given during the investigation.

61.  Questioned as a witness, Mr Tatayev’s mother submitted that he had been arrested at night at their house and that she had seen him for the first time after that four or five days later. According to her, he had been severely beaten.

62.  Questioned as witnesses, Mr Mutayev’s uncle and his neighbour submitted that Mr Mutayev had been arrested on 14 November 2004. The following day, when officers took Mr Mutayev home to carry out investigative activities, his uncle and neighbour saw him and noted that his face and body were covered with haematomas and bruises and his right hand had been burned.

63.  The applicants appealed, submitting that their confessions had been obtained under duress. On 16 January 2007 the Supreme Court of Russia dismissed their appeals and amended the judgment, sentencing them to twenty-two and seventeen-years’ imprisonment, respectively.

4.     Other relevant information

64.  On 19 March 2007 Mr Tatayev was issued with a certificate attesting that he had a second-degree disability, in connection with the general state of his health.

C.    Aliyev v. Russia, application no. 7626/08 (lodged on 18 December 2007)

1.     The applicant’s alleged ill-treatment between 26 and 29 September 2005

65.  On 26 September 2005 at around 1 p.m. officers of the special police forces (OMON) and officers of the Groznenskiy ROVD burst into the car service centre where the applicant worked. They took him at gunpoint to OMON premises in Grozny. According to the applicant, the officers beat him for three days, forcing him to confess to killing three police officers. They kicked and punched him on his body, beat him with rubber truncheons and a spade, and administered electric shocks to him.

66.  On 29 September 2005 the OMON officers threatened him with sexual violence. The applicant signed a confession.

67.  On 7 October 2005 the applicant was transferred to remand prison no. 20/1 in Grozny where he was examined by a doctor. According to his medical notes of 7 October 2005, he had two vertical stripes on his back 25 and 10 cm in length, scabbed-over abrasions on his back, swelling of his left shoulder joint, and bruises on his right leg. The applicant explained that the injuries had been caused by rubber truncheons.

2.     The applicant’s alleged ill-treatment between 15 and 18 February 2006

68.  According to the applicant, on 15 or 18 February 2006 police officers of the Staropromyslovskiy ROVD again ill-treated him, suspending him from a pipe, strangling him and subjecting him to electric shocks.

69.  On 26 February 2006 the applicant was taken back to the remand prison. A doctor recorded three scabbed-over bruises on his back.

3.     Inquiry into the alleged ill-treatment

70.  On 28 February 2006 the applicant’s lawyer complained to a prosecutor about the applicant’s ill-treatment in September 2005 and February 2006.

71.  In his forensic medical report no. 215 of 10 March 2006, the expert noted the applicant’s injuries recorded on 7 October 2005. According to the report, the bruises on the applicant’s back recorded on 26 February 2006 had been inflicted by a hard blunt object. The applicant explained that on 15 February 2006 police officers had beaten him all over his body and subjected him to electric shocks. The expert concluded that it was possible that the injuries had been sustained on the date and in the circumstances described by the applicant. The expert also recorded a scar on his forearm, three scars on his back and a scar on his lower right leg, which had been caused by injuries inflicted between one and three months before the examination.

72.  On 13 March 2006 the investigator refused to open a criminal case, referring to the explanations of the OMON and ROVD officers, who had denied the applicant’s allegations. The investigator concluded that the applicant’s injuries had been sustained before his arrest.

73.  On 25 May 2007 the Zavodskoy District Court dismissed the applicant’s subsequent appeal against the refusal, referring to his trial proceedings and final conviction of 27 July 2006, in which the trial court had dismissed his allegations of ill-treatment.

74.  On 20 June 2007, on an appeal by the applicant, the Supreme Court of Chechnya upheld the District Court’s decision.

D.    Shavayev v. Russia, application no. 8187/08 (lodged on 24 December 2007)

1.     The applicant’s alleged ill-treatment on 8 May 2005

75.  On 8 May 2005 at about 10 a.m. officers of the Department for Combating Organised Crime of the Kabardino-Balkariya Republic (Управление по борьбе с организованной преступностью - “UBOP”) stopped the applicant on the street in Nalchik and took him to their premises. The officers put a bag over his head, handcuffed him and transferred him to the Federal Security Service (FSB) in Cherkessk in the Karachayevo-Cherkessiya Republic.

76.  According to the applicant, the officers kicked and punched him and beat him with rubber truncheons, forcing him to confess to belonging to illegal armed groups and having participated in terrorist attacks.

77.  On 8 May 2005 the applicant signed a confession.

78.  On 11 May 2005 the applicant underwent a forensic medical examination. Unidentified convoy officers were present during the examination. According to report no. 431, the applicant had abrasions on his wrists, neck and upper left shoulder that had been inflicted by a hard blunt object between one and five days before the examination.

2.     Inquiry into the alleged ill-treatment

79.  On an unspecified date, the applicant was transferred to Moscow. On 26 July, 15 and 29 August and 12 September 2005 he complained to a prosecutor about his ill-treatment.

80.  On 27 October and 12 December 2005 an investigator refused to open a criminal case, referring solely to the explanations of the FSB officers.

81.  On 7 November 2007 the Basmannyy District Court dismissed the applicant’s subsequent appeal against the refusal of 27 October 2005, referring to his conviction of 30 August 2007 (see paragraph 83 below) and noting that the applicant’s allegations of ill-treatment had already been examined during his trial.

82.  On 12 March 2008 the Moscow City Court upheld the District Court’s decision on appeal.

3.     The applicant’s trial

83.  On 2 February 2007 the Moscow City Court found the applicant guilty on charges of terrorism and sentenced him to life imprisonment, relying on the confession he had given during the investigation. In court the applicant pleaded not guilty and stated that his confession had been obtained under duress. The court dismissed his allegations, referring to the refusals to open a criminal investigation into the alleged ill-treatment.

84.  The applicant appealed, submitting that his confession had been obtained under duress. On 30 August 2007 the Supreme Court of Russia dismissed the appeal and upheld the judgment.

E.    Khadziyev and Others v. Russia, application no. 30444/08 (lodged on 19 June 2008)

85.  The applicants are Mr Umar Khadziyev, Mr Alikhan Ozdoyev and Mr Rustam Tsurov. Their personal details are indicated in the appendix.

1.     The applicants’ alleged ill-treatment between 21 and 23 July 2006

86.  On 21 July 2006 traffic police officers stopped the applicants between the villages of Kartsa and Chermen in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania for an identity check. When two of the applicants failed to produce their identity documents, the police searched their car and found an object which was later identified as a bomb.

87.  The applicants were taken to the Promyshlenniy ROVD, where officers of the UBOP of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania questioned them.

88.  According to the applicants, the officers repeatedly kicked and punched them all over their bodies, put plastic bags over their heads, strangled them, beat them with rubber truncheons, administered electric shocks to their fingers, ears and genitals, put needles under their nails and burned them with cigarettes.

89.  On 22 July 2006 at about 7 p.m. the applicants were taken to remand prison no. 99/6 in Vladikavkaz.

90.  According to the remand prison medical records, Mr Khadziyev had a black eye, bruises on his right forearm and multiple bruises on his legs. Mr Ozdoyev had a haematoma under his left eye, multiple bruises on his left shoulder and bruises on his legs. Mr Tsurov had bruises in the scapula area and multiple scratches on his legs.

91.  On 23 July 2006 the applicants were again questioned and, according to them, ill-treated.

92.  On 23, 24 and 25 July 2006 the ambulance doctor examined the applicants. According to their medical notes, they had multiple bruises and haematomas on their bodies and limbs. Mr Tsurov also had fractured ribs and a damaged chest.

93.  On 24 July 2006 Mr Khadziyev and Mr Ozdoyev signed confession statements.

94.  On 24, 25, 26 and 29 July 2006 Mr Tsurov also confessed during his interviews as a suspect.

95.  On 31 July 2006 Mr Ozdoyev reiterated his confession statement during his interview as a suspect.

2.     Inquiry into the alleged ill-treatment

96.  On an unspecified date in August or September 2006 the applicants complained about their ill-treatment to a prosecutor.

97.  According to forensic medical reports nos. 2059 and 2060 of 2 October 2006, injuries to Mr Khadziyev and Mr Ozdoyev had been recorded on 22, 23 and 24 July 2006. It was impossible to determine the mechanism of their infliction owing to lack of information.

98.  On 19 October 2006 the investigator opened a criminal case into infliction of injuries.

99.  Between 15 and 17 November 2006 forensic experts issued three more reports: no. 2423 (in respect of Mr Ozdoyev), no. 2424 (in respect of Mr Khadziyev) and no. 2425 (in respect of Mr Tsurov). In those reports, they reiterated the applicants’ multiple injuries, bruises and haematomas recorded in their medical notes on 22, 23 and 24 July 2006. The experts did not find any injuries consistent with having been inflicted by electric shocks. In report no. 2425, the expert confirmed the fractures of Mr Tsurov’s ninth and tenth ribs on the left side.

100.  By two separate decisions of 19 March 2007, the investigator discontinued the investigation for lack of evidence of a crime. Referring to the statements of the UBOP officers, the investigator concluded that the applicants’ injuries had been inflicted while they were resisting arrest.

101.  On 7 November 2007 the Promyshlenniy District Court endorsed the investigator’s reasoning and dismissed the applicants’ subsequent appeals.

102.  The applicants appealed to the Supreme Court of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, which on 19 December 2007 upheld the court’s decision.

3.     The applicants’ trial

103.  On 13 December 2007 the Supreme Court of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania convicted the applicants on charges of terrorism and belonging to illegal armed groups, relying on their confessions of 24, 25, 26, 29 and 31 July 2006. The applicants had pleaded not guilty, arguing that the statements had been obtained under duress. The court dismissed their allegations as unfounded, referring to two decisions of 19 March 2007.

104.  Mr Khadziyev, Mr Ozdoyev and Mr Tsurov were sentenced to twenty-three, eighteen and twenty-four years’ imprisonment, respectively.

105.  On 2 July 2009, on appeal, the Supreme Court of Russia upheld the convictions.

F.     Laypanov v. Russia, application no. 8600/09 (lodged on 6 February 2009)

1.     The applicant’s apprehension and alleged ill-treatment on 17 March 2006

106.  On 17 March 2006 at about 10 p.m. officers of the Karachayevsk UBOP in the Karachayevo-Cherkessiya Republic apprehended the applicant near his house. They put him in a car and drove to Cherkessk.

107.  According to the applicant, on the way the officers twisted his arms, hit him on his head and various parts of his body. He was taken to the Khabezkiy ROVD, where the officers kicked and punched him.

108.  On 18 March 2006 at about 12.30 a.m. the officers took the applicant to a hospital because he was bleeding profusely from the head.

109.  On 18 March 2006 at an unspecified time in the evening an investigator recorded the applicant’s arrest.

110.  On 19 March 2006 the applicant was transferred to the IVS in Cherkessk. According to medical notes taken there, he had haematomas under his eyes and on his left shoulder, and a fresh scar on his head. The applicant complained of headaches.

111.  On the same day the applicant underwent a forensic medical examination. According to report no. 179, he had abrasions on his head and bruises on his face and head inflicted by a hard blunt object between one and two days before the examination.

112.  On 31 March 2006 the applicant was admitted to remand prison no. 9/1.

113.  According to the applicant, on 2 May 2006 the officers beat him again. It appears from the extract of the remand prison medical notes of 2 May 2006 that the applicant had contusions on his chest and forehead and bruises on his upper limbs.

2.     Inquiry into the alleged ill-treatment

114.  On 23 March 2006 the applicant lodged a complaint with the prosecutor’s office in the Karachayevo-Cherkessiya Republic about his unrecorded detention and ill-treatment on 18 March and 2 May 2006.

115.  On 6 April 2006 a prosecutor refused to open a criminal case, mainly referring to the explanations of the UBOP officers.

116.  On 13 April 2006 the applicant’s lawyer questioned a nurse, Ms L.O., who had been on duty at the hospital on 18 March 2006. According to her, the officers had taken the applicant to the hospital at night. He was bleeding from the head. The officers ordered her not to record the applicant’s presence. She treated the wound on his head and the officers took him away.

117.  On 20 November 2006 the refusal of 6 April 2006 was quashed as incomplete.

118.  On 25 November 2006 an investigator refused to open a criminal case, referring to the explanations of the UBOP officers.

119.  On an unspecified date in January 2009 the applicant appealed against the refusal of 25 November 2006 to the Cherkesskiy Town Court.

120.  On 22 January 2009 the court declared the refusal unsubstantiated and unlawful. It noted that the investigator had failed to properly address the applicant’s complaint that he had been ill-treated by the police on 18 March and 2 May 2006. The court also noted that the investigator had not addressed the applicant’s allegation concerning his unrecorded detention between 17 and 18 March 2006 at all.

121.  On 26 February 2009 the investigator again refused to open a criminal case on the same grounds as before.

3.     The applicant’s trial

122.  On 18 July 2008 the Supreme Court of the Karachayevo‑Cherkessiya Republic convicted the applicant of belonging to illegal armed groups and illegally storing weapons and explosives, and sentenced him to seven years’ imprisonment. The applicant had pleaded partially guilty, and stated that his confession had been obtained under duress. The court dismissed his allegations, referring to the refusals to open a criminal case.

123.  On 23 October 2008 the Supreme Court of Russia dismissed the applicant’s subsequent appeal and upheld the judgment in its entirety.

124.  On 15 March 2013 the applicant was released upon completion of his sentence.

G.   Vitrigov and Others v. Russia, application no. 21123/09 (lodged on 23 March 2009)

125.  The applicants are Mr Aslanbek Vitrigov, Mr Anzor Agamerzayev and Mr Adam Tuntuyev. The applicants’ personal details are indicated in the appendix.

126.  On 19 July 2005 a car exploded in the village of Znamenskoye in Chechnya, resulting in the death of ten police officers and three civilians and injuries to twenty-four other persons. A criminal case into the matter was opened.

1.     The applicants’ apprehension and alleged ill-treatment

(a)    Mr Aslanbek Vitrigov

127.  On 20 July 2005 at about 12.30 p.m. police officers of the Nadterechniy ROVD went to Mr Vitrigov’s house and ordered him to follow them. The officers took him to a police station, where he was asked to confess to blowing up the car. The applicant refused and the officers beat him. According to the applicant, they put a plastic bag over his head, suffocating him, and punched and kicked him on his body, breaking his nose. They also took off his trousers, pinched his penis with pliers and poured water over his body.

128.  On 21 July 2005 at 10.30 a.m. Mr Vitrigov’s arrest was recorded.

129.  On 21 and 22 July 2005 the applicant’s ill-treatment continued, including by administering electric shocks to him. The officers had the applicant’s sister brought to the police station and threatened to rape her if he refused to confess. The applicant signed all the papers the officer had given him.

130.  On 31 July 2005 the applicant confessed to having participated in the explosion.

131.  According to the applicant, he was not examined by a doctor during the ensuing two months of his detention at the ROVD.

132.  On 16 September 2005 the applicant underwent a forensic medical examination. According to report no. 208, he had small superficial abrasions on his left foot, which could have been caused by the impact of a hard blunt object four to five days before the examination.

(b)    Mr Anzor Agamerzayev

133.  On 21 July 2005 police officers of the Nadterechniy ROVD went to the applicant’s house, beat him and took him to a police station. The applicant was forced to stand facing the wall with his legs apart while the officers hit and kicked various parts of his body. They put a plastic bag over his head, suffocating him, and administered electric shocks through the wires attached to his hands.

134.  On 22 July 2005 Mr Vitrigov’s relatives, whom the officers had had brought to the Nadterechniy ROVD, saw Mr Agamerzayev in the building. According to them, he had been severely beaten and could barely walk. The officers had to drag him around.

135.  On 22 and 23 July 2005 the officers continued to beat him and again subjected him to electric shocks. Unable to withstand the treatment, the applicant agreed to confess.

136.  On 24 July 2005 at 10.30 a.m. the applicant’s arrest was recorded.

137.  On 26 July 2005 the applicant confessed to an investigator.

138.  On 16 September 2005 the applicant underwent a forensic medical examination. According to report no. 210, he had a scar and several areas of skin depigmentation on his left leg caused by wounds and abrasions which could have been sustained at the time and in the circumstances described by him, namely as a result of the beatings by police officers on 21 July 2005.

(c)     Mr Adam Tuntuyev

139.  On 30 July 2005 at about 11 a.m. Mr Adam Tuntuyev, who was an employee of the Security Service of the President of the Chechen Republic, was taken to the Nadterechniy ROVD.

140.  The applicant was questioned as a witness about the car explosion. He denied having participated in the crime. According to the applicant, the police officers beat him, subjected him to electric shocks, made him squat while one of the officers sat on his back and suspended him from the ceiling by his handcuffs with a plastic bag over his head.

141.  On the same day, Mr Vitrigov and Mr Agamerzayev identified Mr Tuntuyev in an identification parade as their accomplice.

142.  On 31 July 2005 the applicant signed a confession statement.

143.  According to the applicant, after his arrest and during the ensuing two months of his detention at the Nadterechniy ROVD he was routinely subjected to ill-treatment, including by administering electric shocks and threats of sexual violence.

144.  On 4 October 2005 the applicant was transferred to remand prison no. 20/1 in Grozny. According to his medical record, he had bruises on his right shoulder and the right side of the thorax and scabbed‑over abrasions on both wrists, around his left eye and on his nose.

145.  On 19 October 2005 the applicant underwent a forensic medical examination. According to report no. 206, he had scars and abrasions on his nose, both wrists and around his left eye, areas of depigmentation and bruises on his hands and right shoulder, and abrasions and bruises on the right side of the thorax. The injuries could have been inflicted by a hard blunt object four to five days before the examination.

2.     Inquiry into the alleged ill-treatment

(a)    The applicants’ complaints to a prosecutor

146.  On various dates in August, September and October 2005 the applicants and their relatives lodged several complaints with a prosecutor about the applicants’ ill-treatment by the ROVD officers.

147.  On 17 October 2005 and 17 February 2006 respectively Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Vitrigov complained about their unrecorded detention following their arrests.

148.  On 22 and 25 October 2005 and 30 May 2006 the prosecutor refused to open a criminal case into the alleged ill-treatment of Mr Tuntuyev, finding his allegations unfounded.

149.  On 26 October 2005 and 30 March 2006 the prosecutor refused to open a criminal case into the alleged ill-treatment of Mr Agamerzayev, referring to the report on his forensic examination of 19 October 2005 which stated that he had no injuries.

150.  On 26 March 2006 the prosecutor refused to open a criminal case into the alleged ill-treatment of Mr Vitrigov, finding his allegations unfounded.

151.  The decisions contained no conclusions concerning Mr Agamerzayev’s and Mr Vitrigov’s complaints about their alleged unrecorded detention.

(b)    Inquiries ordered by the Supreme Court of Chechnya

152.  On 30 November 2006 the Supreme Court of Chechnya, examining the criminal case against the applicants (see paragraphs 157-158 below), ordered an additional inquiry into the applicants’ allegations of unlawful arrest and ill-treatment.

153.  On 12 December 2006 the prosecutor again refused to open a criminal case into the applicants’ alleged ill-treatment.

154.  On 7 March 2007 the Supreme Court again ordered an additional inquiry. It noted, among other things, that the prosecutor had failed to explain Mr Vitrigov’s injuries recorded in forensic report no. 208 of 16 September 2005.

155.  On 26 March 2007 the refusal of 12 December 2006 was quashed as incomplete.

156.  On 28 March 2007 the investigator refused to open a criminal case, finding that Mr Vitrigov’s and Mr Tuntuyev’s injuries could have been caused “as an act of revenge for them having committed a terrorist act and not necessarily with the aim of extracting confession statements”. Mr Agamerzayev’s injuries could have been sustained before the arrest. The decision did not contain conclusions concerning the applicants’ complaints about their alleged unrecorded detention.

3.     The applicants’ trial

157.  On 12 April 2007 the Supreme Court of Chechnya found the applicants guilty on charges of terrorism, belonging to illegal armed groups, several counts of murder and assault against law-enforcement officers and unlawful possession of arms. The court relied on their confessions, dismissing the applicants’ complaints that they had been obtained under duress.

158.  On the same date the Supreme Court of Chechnya issued a separate decision, in which it noted numerous breaches committed during the inquiry into the applicants’ alleged ill-treatment. It noted, among other things, that the investigator had failed to explain the origin of the applicants’ injuries.

159.  On 25 September 2007 the Supreme Court of Russia quashed the judgment, finding the sentences imposed too lenient.

160.  On 15 May 2008 the Supreme Court of Chechnya again found the applicants guilty and sentenced them to seventeen, nineteen and twenty‑four years’ imprisonment.

161.  On 23 September 2008 the Supreme Court of Russia upheld the judgment and dismissed the applicants’ subsequent appeals.

4.     Other relevant information

162.  On 30 January 2014 Mr Tuntuyev was transferred to correctional colony no. 7 in the Omsk Region to serve his sentence. There, he was characterised as a “persistent rule-breaker”.

163.  Between 27 February and 23 June 2014 and between 28 August 2014 and 28 February 2015, the applicant was placed on a prison ward (ШИЗО) and in solitary confinement punishment cells (ПКТ) for reasons such as not greeting colony officers or greeting them informally.

164.  It appears from the material in the case file that the applicant was held on a prison ward and in punishment cells in isolation.

H.    Gastemirov v. Russia, application no. 19185/10 (lodged on 25 March 2010)

1.     The applicant’s alleged ill-treatment on 10 August 2005

165.  On 10 August 2005 police officers of the Ministry of the Interior in Grozny arrested the applicant on suspicion of a crime. According to the applicant, the officers badly beat him and subjected him to electric shocks, forcing him to confess.

166.  On 20 August 2005 the applicant was transferred to remand prison no. 20/1 in Grozny, where it was noted that he had haematomas in his scapula and groin areas.

167.  According to the applicant, the officers also ill-treated him between 5 and 9 September 2005.

168.  On 12 October 2005 the applicant underwent a forensic medical examination. In his forensic report no. 1079, the expert referred to the applicant’s injuries recorded in the remand prison and noted that they had been inflicted by a hard blunt object, but that it was impossible to determine when they had been inflicted.

2.     Inquiry into the alleged ill-treatment

169.  On 16 September 2005 the applicant’s lawyer complained to a prosecutor about the applicant’s ill-treatment.

170.  On 24 September and 28 December 2005 an investigator refused to open a criminal case, referring to the lack of evidence of a crime.

171.  On 27 January 2006 the Zavodskoy District Court convicted the applicant of belonging to illegal armed groups. The applicant complained about his ill-treatment by the police in the early stages of the proceedings. The complaint was eventually dismissed as unfounded.

172.  On 30 April 2008 the Leninskiy District Court dismissed the applicant’s subsequent appeal against the refusal of 28 December 2005, referring to the judgment of 27 January 2006 in which his allegations of ill‑treatment had already been examined and dismissed by the trial court.

173.  On 5 December 2008 and 24 May 2009 the prosecutor issued two more refusals to open a criminal case, mainly referring to the explanations of the police officers, who had denied any use of force against the applicant.

174.  On 14 August 2009, on an appeal by the applicant, the Leninskiy District Court upheld the refusal of 24 May 2009.

175.  On 30 September 2009 the Supreme Court of Chechnya upheld the decision of 14 August 2009 on an appeal by the applicant.

RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE

 

177.  For the relevant domestic law and practice concerning the rights of suspects, see Turbylev v. Russia (no. 4722/09, §§ 46-49, 6 October 2015).

RELEVANT COUNCIL OF EUROPE MATERIAL

178.  The relevant parts of the Public statement of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) concerning the Chechen Republic of the Russian Federation of 13 March 2007 read as follows:

“15.  In the course of the visits to the North Caucasian region in 2006, the CPT’s delegation once again received many credible allegations of recent ill-treatment of detained persons by members of law enforcement agencies and security forces in the Chechen Republic. The ill-treatment alleged was frequently of such a severity that it could be considered to amount to torture; the methods involved included extensive beating, asphyxiation using a plastic bag or gas mask, electric shocks, suspension by the limbs, hyperextension and, more rarely, the infliction of burns by cigarettes, lighters or other devices. Accounts were also received of threats of execution or of sexual abuse in order to obtain a confession or information.

The general picture which emerged was that any detained person who did not promptly confess to the crime of which he was suspected (or provide information being sought by those responsible for the detention) would be in imminent danger of being ill-treated.

...

As regards official law enforcement structures, a particularly high number of allegations of ill-treatment continue ... (more recently) to its inter-district divisions, especially the division in Urus-Martan. Other law enforcement structures where there would appear to be a particularly high risk of ill-treatment include the Internal Affairs District Divisions of Groznenskiy (rural), Leninskiy (Grozny), Gudermes and Naur.

...

28.  In the course of the 2006 visits, the CPT’s delegation again spoke with a number of persons who gave detailed and credible accounts of being unlawfully held – on occasion for prolonged periods - in places in the Chechen Republic. Frequent reference was made to facilities located in the village of Tsentoroy in the Kurchaloy district, run by armed formations allegedly operating under the command of Ramzan Kadyrov, the present Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic. In certain cases, formal complaints had been lodged with the prosecution services relating to unlawful detention and ill‑treatment at Tsentoroy.

...

31.  Reference should also be made to the delegation’s visit on 2 May 2006 to the Headquarters of the Vostok Battalion of the 42nd Division of the Ministry of Defence, which are situated close to Gudermes. The delegation had received reports that persons had in the past been held unlawfully at these Headquarters ...”

THE LAW

I.        JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS

179.  Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.

II.     PRELIMINARY ISSUES

180.  In the case of Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), the Government questioned the date of 13 July 2007 as the date the application had been lodged.

181.  The Court notes that Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev sent their first letter containing a brief description of their complaints on 13 July 2007. By a letter of 2 August 2007, the Court invited the applicants to submit a completed application form. The applicants submitted their application form without undue delay on 6 February 2008. Therefore, the Court accepts the date of 13 July 2007, when the complaint was first made, as the date of introduction of the application and dismisses the Government’s objection (see Koni v. Cyprus, no. 66048/09, § 57, 27 October 2015).

III.  ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION

182.  Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09), and Mr Vitrigov and Mr Agamerzayev (no. 21123/09) complained about their unrecorded detention under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, the relevant part of which reads as follows:

“1.  Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:

...”

A.    Admissibility

1.     The parties’ submissions

183.  As to Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), the Government submitted that the applicant had failed to challenge the decision of 11 October 2006 of the Achkhoy-Martan District Court and had thus failed to exhaust domestic remedies.

184.  Regarding Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), they submitted that the applicants had not requested the trial court to count their conviction sentences from the date they alleged that they had actually been arrested and thus they had not exhausted domestic remedies.

185.  As regards the application of Mr Vitrigov and Mr Agamerzayev (no. 21123/09), the Government submitted that the applicants had complained about their alleged unrecorded detention to the investigating authorities only once in October 2005 and February 2006, respectively, and that they had not raised the complaint in subsequent proceedings before the courts. According to them, the applicants had not exhausted domestic remedies in respect of their complaints and they had therefore been lodged out of time.

186.  The applicants maintained their complaints.

2.     The Court’s assessment

(a)    Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06)

187.  Contrary to the Government’s submission, the Court notes that the applicant challenged the decision of 11 October 2006 of the Achkhoy‑Martan District Court. As it transpires from the material in the case file, on 22 November 2006 the Supreme Court of Chechnya examined the applicant’s appeal against the court decision and dismissed it as unfounded (see paragraph 19 above). The Court therefore dismisses the Government’s objection.

(b)    Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07)

188.  The Court reiterates that the counting of prison terms from the date of the actual detention has no bearing on the availability of procedural safeguards during the applicant’s unrecorded detention (see Fortalnov and Others v. Russia, nos. 7077/06 and 12 others, § 66, 26 June 2018). The Court therefore cannot agree with the Government that the applicants should have exhausted domestic remedies by requesting the trial court to count their sentences from the dates of their actual arrests.

189.  The Court further observes that the Government did not identify any specific remedy of which the applicants should have made use (see, mutatis mutandis, Aleksandr Sokolov v. Russia, no. 20364/05, § 66, 4 November 2010). On the facts, the Court notes that Mr Mutayev lodged at least two complaints with the authorities on 3 February and 16 May 2005, in which he described in detail the circumstances of his arrest and subsequent detention and ill-treatment (see paragraphs 38 and 42 above). Mr Tatayev complained similarly about his detention and ill‑treatment on 11 February and 22 June 2005 (see paragraphs 54 and 57 above). Both applicants reiterated their complaints before the trial court, which ordered an additional inquiry into the allegations that resulted in the refusal to open a criminal case (see paragraphs 58-59 above).

190.  In these circumstances, the Court considers that the authorities were sufficiently made aware of the alleged unlawfulness of the applicants’ detention by way of the criminal-law complaint that prompted the inquiry by the investigative authorities, the outcome of which was reviewed by the domestic courts at the applicants’ trial (see Golubyatnikov and Zhuchkov v. Russia, nos. 44822/06 and 49869/06, § 76, 9 October 2018).

191.  Having regard to the above, the Court dismisses the Government’s objection as to the non-exhaustion of domestic remedies by the applicants.

(c)     Mr Vitrigov and Mr Agamerzayev (no. 21123/09)

192.  The Court notes that the Government, without specifying a remedy, submitted that the applicants had failed to exhaust domestic remedies, since they had complained about their unrecorded detention only once in the initial stage of the pre-trial proceedings.

193.  The Court observes that the applicants, in addition to their initial complaints about their unrecorded detention lodged with the authorities in October 2005 and February 2006 (see paragraph 147 above), also raised the issue about their apprehension and ill-treatment at trial. The inquiry ordered by the trial court resulted in the refusal to open a criminal investigation of 28 March 2007 (see paragraph 156 above). During the second set of criminal proceedings, the trial court examined and dismissed in their entirety the applicants’ complaints about their apprehension, ill‑treatment and forced confessions.

194.  In view of the above, the Court also considers that the applicants provided the domestic authorities with an opportunity to put right the alleged violation. It cannot agree with the Government that it was incumbent on the applicants to lodge yet another complaint challenging the actions or omissions on the part of the investigating authorities. In this connection it also cannot be said that the applicants failed to comply with the six-month rule for lodging their grievance before the Court (see Ivan Kuzmin v. Russia, no. 30271/03, § 78, 25 November 2010). The Government’s objection should therefore be dismissed.

(d)    Conclusion

195.  The Court notes that the applicants’ complaints under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention are neither manifestly ill-founded nor inadmissible on any other grounds listed in Article 35 of the Convention. They must therefore be declared admissible.

B.     Merits

196.  The Court considers that Mr Uspanov’s (no. 48053/06) apprehension on 31 October 2004 is confirmed by the submissions of his mother and wife who saw him on 5 or 6 November 2004 at the Gudermes Division of the Security Service (see paragraph 7 above). By that time the applicant had already been held by State officers for several days (see paragraph 8 above). The Government did not rebut their submissions and the Court has no reason to doubt them. As is apparent from the material in the case file, the applicant’s arrest was recorded on 11 November 2004, that is, about two weeks after his actual arrest (see paragraph 11 above).

197.  The Court observes that it was not disputed by the Government that Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07) were “deprived of their liberty” within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention. Nor did they dispute that no records of the applicants’ arrest or detention were drawn up before 17 November 2004 and 27 August 2004 respectively (see paragraphs 35 and 50 above). Moreover, at trial the applicants’ relatives submitted under penalty of perjury that the applicants had been arrested on 14 November 2004 and 23 August 2004 respectively (see paragraphs 61-62 above).

198.  In this regard, the Court also notes the CPT’s observations regarding instances of unlawful detention reported at Vostok headquarters and detention facilities located in the village of Tsentoroy, where Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev were allegedly detained (see paragraph 178 above).

199.  Regarding Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09), the Court observes that his statement about his apprehension by State officers in the evening of 17 March 2006 can be confirmed by the statement of the nurse who treated his wounds on the night of 18 March 2006 at the hospital (see paragraph 116 above). The Government did not dispute her statement and the Court has no reason to doubt it. As is apparent from the material in the case file, the applicant’s arrest was not recorded before the evening of 18 March 2006. The Court also notes the decision of the Cherkesskiy Town Court of 22 January 2009, which found that the investigator had failed to address the applicant’s complaint about his detention between 17 and 18 March 2006 (see paragraph 120 above).

200.  In the case of Mr Vitrigov and Mr Agamerzayev (no. 21123/09), the Government did not dispute the applicants’ version of the events. The Court observes that the applicants were apprehended on 20 and 21 July 2005, respectively, and their arrest records were drawn up on 21 and 24 July 2005, respectively (see paragraphs 128 and 136 above).

201.  The Court therefore finds it established that the applicants were detained as suspects by the State officers without acknowledgment for one day (in the case of Mr Vitrigov and Mr Laypanov), three days (Mr Mutayev and Mr Agamerzayev), four days (Mr Tatayev) and twelve days (Mr Uspanov). The lack of any acknowledgment or records of the applicants’ detention as suspects led to them being deprived of access to a lawyer and all the other rights they should have had as suspects, which meant that they were left completely at the mercy of those holding them. As such, the applicants were vulnerable not only to arbitrary interference with their right to liberty but also to ill-treatment (see Fartushin v. Russia, no. 38887/09, § 53, 8 October 2015, and Golubyatnikov and Zhuchkov, cited above, § 83).

202.  The Court finds that the applicants’ unrecorded detention was a complete negation of the fundamentally important guarantees contained in Article 5 of the Convention, and was incompatible with the requirement of lawfulness and with the very purpose of this Article (see Fartushin, cited above, § 54). There has accordingly been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention in respect of Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09), and Mr Vitrigov and Mr Agamerzayev (no. 21123/09).

IV.  ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLES 3 AND 13 OF THE CONVENTION ON ACCOUNT OF THE APPLICANTS’ ILL‑TREATMENT

203.  The applicants complained that they had been subjected to ill‑treatment at the hands of law-enforcement officers and that no effective investigation into their complaints had been carried out. Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08) and Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09) also complained that there had been no effective remedies available in respect of their complaints of ill-treatment. They relied on Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention, the relevant parts of which read as follows:

Article 3

“No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment ...”

Article 13

“Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority ...”

A.    Admissibility

1.     The parties’ submissions

204.  In the case of Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08) and Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09) the Government stated that Mr Shavayev had appealed against the refusal to open a criminal case of 27 October 2005 in October 2007. As to Mr Laypanov, they submitted that he had appealed against his respective refusal of 25 November 2006 in January 2009. According to the Government, the applicants had failed to act with due diligence in the domestic proceedings, delaying challenging the investigators’ decisions in order not to fall foul of the Court’s six-month time-limit for lodging an application before it.

2.     The Court’s assessment

205.  The Court notes that Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08) and Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09) appealed against their respective refusals after the criminal court proceedings against them had been completed (see paragraphs 81 and 119 above). The Court further notes that their complaints were examined in substance. In particular, in the case of Mr Shavayev, on 7 November 2007 the Basmannyy District Court dismissed the applicant’s appeal, referring to his conviction (see paragraph 81 above), and in the case of Mr Laypanov, on 22 January 2009 the Cherkesskiy Town Court quashed the refusal, finding it unlawful (see paragraph 120 above). The Court therefore considers that there were no unexplained delays on the part of the applicants and that they complied with the six-month time-limit. It therefore dismisses the Government’s objections.

206.  The Court notes that the complaints are neither manifestly ill‑founded nor inadmissible on any other grounds listed in Article 35 of the Convention. They must therefore be declared admissible.

B.     Merits

1.     Credibility of the applicants’ allegations of ill-treatment and the presumption of fact

207.  The Court has already established that Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09), and Mr Vitrigov and Mr Agamerzayev (no. 21123/09) were apprehended by State officers on suspicion of them having committed various terrorism‑related crimes and held for several days in unrecorded detention in violation of Article 5 of the Convention (see paragraph 202 above).

208.  The Court notes that Mr Aliyev (no. 7626/08), Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08), Mr Khadziyev, Mr Ozdoyev and Mr Tsurov (no. 30444/08), Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) and Mr Gastemirov (no. 19185/10) were also arrested by State officers on suspicion of them having committed various terrorist acts (see paragraphs 65, 75, 86, 139 and 165 above).

209.  The Court further observes that all the applicants submitted that they had been subjected to violence. They provided detailed and consistent accounts of the circumstances of the alleged ill-treatment, which involved severe beatings, including by rubber truncheons, administration of electric shocks through the hands, ears and genitals, putting needles under their nails, pinching of the limbs with pliers, suffocation using gas masks and plastic bags, threats of sexual violence, suspension from pipes and ceilings, burning with gas flames and cigarettes and so forth (see paragraphs 6, 33‑35, 65, 68, 76, 88, 107, 127, 129, 133, 135, 140, 143 and 165 above).

210.  After spending varying periods of time at the hands of State officers, the applicants were found to have sustained injuries of varying degrees of severity, as recorded by forensic medical experts and detention facilities (see paragraphs 13, 15, 39, 67, 71, 78, 90, 92, 97, 99, 110-111, 113, 132, 138, 144-145, 166 and 168 above).

211.  The Court also notes that at no point was Mr Tatayev examined by a doctor during his detention in the Gudermes ROVD (see paragraph 53 above). Nevertheless, the Court accepts his mother’s statements given during the trial that she saw him several days after his arrest and that he had been beaten (see paragraph 61 above). The Court also notes further statements of his mother and uncle, undisputed by the Government, that they had visited him in March 2005 in the ROVD and that the applicant had had injuries on his nose and hand (see paragraph 53 above). It takes note of his second-degree disability certificate, issued while he was in detention (see paragraph 64 above). In this connection the Court also notes the CPT observations concerning frequent allegations of ill-treatment of detainees in, among other facilities, Gudermes police station (see paragraph 178 above).

212.  The above factors are sufficient to give rise to a presumption in favour of the applicants’ accounts of the events and to satisfy the Court that the applicants’ allegations of ill-treatment in police custody were credible.

2.     Effectiveness of the investigation into the alleged ill-treatment

213.  The Court observes that the applicants’ credible allegations of their injuries being the result of violence by State officers were dismissed by the investigating authorities as unfounded mainly because of the statements of the State officers denying the applicants’ ill-treatment (see paragraphs 16, 40, 45, 56, 72, 80, 115, 118, 121, 148-150, 153, 156, 170 and 173 above). The investigators issued several decisions refusing to open criminal proceedings, some of which were quashed as unlawful and incomplete (see paragraphs 117 and 155 above).

214.  The Court notes that in the case of Mr Mutayev (no. 29924/07), the authorities opened an investigation into the alleged ill-treatment in respect of unidentified persons, which was suspended at least eleven times (see paragraphs 44 and 46 above). At the same time, the investigators refused to open a criminal case in respect of officers whom Mr Mutayev had directly identified as the perpetrators (see paragraph 45 above). In the case of Mr Khadziyev, Mr Ozdoyev and Mr Tuntuyev (no. 30444/08), the investigator opened an investigation and discontinued it less than six months later, also referring mainly to the statements of the UBOP officers, who denied any use of force (see paragraphs 98 and 100 above).

215.  The Court further observes that in some cases the investigating authorities ignored the findings of the national courts. In particular, the Cherkesskiy Town Court noted that the investigator’s findings regarding the alleged ill-treatment of Mr Laypanov were unsubstantiated (see paragraph 120 above). The Supreme Court of Chechnya also noted in the case of Mr Vitrigov, Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Tuntuyev that despite two inquiries ordered by the trial court (see paragraphs 152 and 154 above), the investigator had still failed to explain the applicants’ injuries (see paragraph 158 above). Nevertheless, the authorities subsequently again refused to open a criminal case without taking into account the courts’ findings.

216.  The Court notes that in all the other cases the national courts at two levels upheld and endorsed the investigators’ defective reasoning contained in their decisions without any independent assessment of the allegations of ill-treatment whatsoever (see paragraphs 18-19, 73-74, 81‑82, 101-102, 172 and 174-175 above). The Court further notes that in the cases of Mr Mutayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Aliyev (no. 7626/08) and Mr Agamerzayev (no. 21123/09) the investigators concluded that the applicants’ injuries had been inflicted before their arrests (see paragraphs 40, 72 and 156 above). No evidence at all was put forward in support of those findings. Furthermore, the investigator’s conclusion regarding Mr Vitrigov and Mr Tuntuyev that their injuries could have been caused “as an act of revenge for them having committed a terrorist act and not necessarily with the aim of extracting confession statements” could be seen as an implicit acknowledgment that the applicants had indeed been ill‑treated by law-enforcement officers as an act of revenge (see paragraph 156 above), which would have made opening and conducting an effective investigation all the more essential.

217.  As regards the quality of the forensic expert examinations, the Court reiterates that proper medical examinations are essential safeguards against ill-treatment (see Akkoç v. Turkey, nos. 22947/93 and 22948/93, §§ 55 and 118, ECHR 2000‑X). In the present case, some of the forensic examinations were conducted with a significant delay after the events.

218.  In particular, Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Khadziyev and Mr Ozdoyev (no. 30444/08), Mr Vitrigov, Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) and Mr Gastemirov (no. 19185/10) were examined about two or more months after their respective arrests. Three months passed between the arrests of Mr Mutayev (no. 29924/07) and Mr Tsurov (no. 30444/08) and their forensic examinations. Mr Aliyev (no. 7626/08) was examined more than five months after his first alleged ill‑treatment and about a month after his second alleged ill-treatment (see paragraph 68 above).

219.  When the applicants were eventually examined, precious time had been lost and it was impossible to determine the cause or origin of their injuries (see Tangiyev v. Russia, no. 27610/05, § 61, 11 December 2012). In this connection, the Court considers that the significant delays, as well as the lack of information provided to the forensic experts, made it impracticable for them to provide adequate answers to the questions raised by requesting authorities (see Mogilat v. Russia, no. 8461/03, § 64, 13 March 2012).

220.  The Court further notes that Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07) was not examined by a forensic expert at all.

221.  The Court observes that Mr Shavayev was examined by a forensic expert in the presence of convoy officers (see paragraph 78 above). The Court reiterates that medical examinations must be carried out by a doctor without any police officers being present. Practices such as in the present case undermine the effectiveness and reliability of medical examinations (see Akkoç, cited above, § 118, and Ferhat Kaya v. Turkey, no. 12673/05, § 44, 25 September 2012).

222.  Furthermore, the investigators and courts based their findings on the results of a pre‑investigation inquiry, which is the initial stage in dealing with a criminal complaint under Russian law and should normally be followed by the opening of a criminal case and the carrying out of an investigation if the information gathered has disclosed elements of a criminal offence (see Lyapin v. Russia, no. 46956/09, § 129, 24 July 2014). In Lyapin, the Court held that in such circumstances a pre‑investigation inquiry is normally insufficient and the authorities’ refusal to institute a fully fledged criminal investigation into credible allegations of ill‑treatment was indicative of the State’s failure to comply with its procedural obligation under Article 3 of the Convention (ibid., §§ 132-36).

223.  Given that the Government’s explanations have their basis in the superficial domestic inquiries which fell short of the requirements of Article 3 of the Convention, the Court finds that they cannot be considered satisfactory or convincing. It holds that the Government have failed to discharge their burden of proof and produce evidence capable of casting doubt on the applicants’ account of events, which it therefore finds established (see Olisov and Others v. Russia, nos. 10825/09 and 2 others, §§ 83-85, 2 May 2017, and Ksenz and Others v. Russia, nos. 45044/06 and 5 others, §§ 102-04, 12 December 2017).

3.     Legal classification of the treatment

224.  The applicants alleged that they had been subjected to torture.

225.  The Court observes that the applicants’ allegations of torture, namely by electric shock, severe beatings, pinching of the limbs with pliers, suffocation, threats of sexual violence, needles put under their nails, burning with gas flames and cigarettes, were supported by medical evidence and their detailed descriptions of their ill-treatment.

226.  The Court also notes the CPT’s observations (see paragraph 178 above) concerning the serious human rights violations committed by law‑enforcement officers, particularly in Chechnya. It is notable that the applicants’ descriptions of their ill-treatment correspond to the CPT’s observations made in 2006 in various detention facilities in the region.

227.  The Court considers that the ill-treatment inflicted on the applicants clearly caused severe physical and mental suffering. The sequence of events also demonstrates that the pain and suffering was inflicted on them intentionally, namely with the aim of extracting confessions that they had committed crimes (see Samoylov v. Russia, no. 64398/01, § 53, 2 October 2008, and Lolayev v. Russia, no. 58040/08, § 79, 15 January 2015). The Court therefore concludes that the ill‑treatment in issue amounted to torture (see Tangiyev, cited above, § 56; Mukayev v. Russia, no. 22495/08, § 70, 14 March 2017; and Abdulkadyrov and Dakhtayev v. Russia, no. 35061/04, § 70, 10 July 2018).

4.     Conclusion

228.  In view of the above, there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention under its substantive and procedural limbs in respect of all the applicants. In the light of this finding, the Court considers that it is not necessary to examine whether there has also been a violation of Article 13 of the Convention in respect of Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08) and Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09).

V.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION ON ACCOUNT OF MR TUNTUYEV’S SOLITARY CONFINEMENT

229.  Mr Tuntuyev complained that his placement in a punishment cell in correctional colony IK-7 between 27 February and 23 June 2014 and 28 August 2014 and 28 February 2015 had amounted to treatment in breach of Article 3 of the Convention.

230.  The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

231.  The Court reiterates that the prohibition of contact with other prisoners for security, disciplinary or protective reasons does not in itself amount to inhuman treatment or punishment (see Csüllög v. Hungary, no. 30042/08, § 30, 7 June 2011, and Razvyazkin v. Russia, no. 13579/09, § 100, 3 July 2012). While prolonged removal from association with others is undesirable, whether such a measure falls within the ambit of Article 3 of the Convention depends on the particular conditions, the stringency of the measure, its duration, the objective pursued and its effects on the person concerned (see Razvyazkin, cited above, § 100, with further references).

232.  In the present case, the applicant was held in uninterrupted solitary confinement between 27 February and 23 June 2014 and 28 August 2014 and 28 February 2015 (see paragraph 163 above), in total, ten months of isolation. The Court takes note that in addition to social isolation the applicant’s placement in solitary confinement punishment cells was associated with a number of further restrictions involving, in particular, limited access to outdoor exercise and limitations on family visits and receiving any parcels from outside (see Razvyazkin, cited above, § 102).

233.  The Court notes that the applicant was put in solitary confinement on account of his alleged lack of respect towards colony officers (see paragraph 163 above). There are no records in the case file of disorderly or dangerous conduct of the applicant. The Court considers that failing to greet, or greeting informally, colony officers is a clearly insufficient reason to keep the applicant in near complete social isolation for a total of ten months in the absence of him posing any danger to himself or to others.

234.  The Court therefore finds that the applicant’s solitary confinement in punishment cells in correctional colony IK-7 in the Omsk Region between 27 February and 23 June 2014 and 28 August 2014 and 28 February 2015 amounted to inhuman and degrading treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention.

VI.  ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 OF THE CONVENTION

235.  Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08), Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09), Mr Khadziyev, Mr Ozdoyev and Mr Tsurov (no. 30444/08), and Mr Vitrigov, Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) complained that their convictions had been based on confession statements obtained as a result of their ill-treatment, which had rendered their trials unfair. They relied on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the relevant part of which reads as follows:

“In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by [a] ... tribunal ...”

A.    Admissibility

236.  In the case of Mr Uspanov, the Government submitted that he had failed to comply with the six-month time-limit. In particular, they pointed out that he had been convicted on 8 June 2005 and the conviction judgment had been upheld on appeal on 8 December 2005. The applicant had lodged a preliminary complaint with the Court on 27 July 2006, which was more than six months after the date of the final decision in his case.

237.  The Court observes that the first letter it received from the applicant was dated 27 July 2006, and that it had not received any letters before this date (see paragraphs 23 and 26 above). The applicant’s allegation that he had sent a letter on 6 February 2006 while detained in the Chernokozovo remand prison is not supported by any evidence; the same is true of his subsequent alleged attempts to contact the Court. On the contrary, his statements contradict the documents available, since it appears that in 2006 the applicant sent letters from the correctional colony to which he had been transferred to destinations other than the Court (see paragraph 27 above).

238.  The Court therefore accepts the Government’s objection regarding the applicant’s complaint under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. It must therefore be declared inadmissible under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention as lodged out of time, and must be rejected pursuant to Article 35 § 4 of the Convention.

239.  The Court notes that the complaints of Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08), Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09), Mr Khadziyev, Mr Ozdoyev and Mr Tsurov (no. 30444/08), and Mr Vitrigov, Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention are not manifestly ill‑founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that they are not inadmissible on any other grounds. They must therefore be declared admissible.

B.    Merits

240.  The Government argued that in addition to the applicants’ written confession statements, their convictions had been based on a plethora of evidence obtained during the investigations. The trial courts had examined the applicants’ allegations of ill-treatment and had dismissed them as unsubstantiated. The applicants maintained their complaints.

241.  The Court reiterates that the admission of confession statements obtained in violation of Article 3 renders the associated criminal proceedings as a whole automatically unfair, irrespective of the probative value of those statements and irrespective of whether their use was decisive in securing the defendant’s conviction (see Gäfgen v. Germany [GC], no. 22978/05, § 166, ECHR 2010, and Turbylev v. Russia, no. 4722/09, § 90, 6 October 2015).

242.  The Court further reiterates that when dealing with allegations that evidence has been obtained as a result of ill‑treatment, the trial court may be called upon to assess the same facts and elements which had previously been subject to the investigative authorities’ examination. However, its task is not to examine the individual criminal responsibility of the alleged perpetrators but to address through a full, independent and comprehensive review the issue of admissibility and reliability of evidence. Admission in evidence of testimony notwithstanding credible allegations that it was obtained as a result of ill-treatment raises serious issues as to the fairness of the proceedings (see Belugin v. Russia, no. 2991/06, § 71, 26 November 2019).

243.  In the present case, the Court has already found that the applicants’ confession statements were obtained as a result of torture, to which they were subjected at the hands of State officers (see paragraph 228 above). The domestic courts did not exclude the confession statements as inadmissible evidence and referred to them when convicting the applicants of crimes to which they had confessed in those statements (see paragraphs 60, 63, 83-84, 103, 105, 122-123, 157 and 160 above). They refused to exclude the confessions as evidence, relying on the investigators’ decisions not to open criminal cases into the alleged ill‑treatment (see paragraphs 83, 103 and 122 above).

244.  The Court concludes that the trial courts failed to carry out an independent and comprehensive review of the applicants’ credible allegations that their self-incriminating statements had been the result of police violence (see Belugin, cited above, § 78).

245.  In such circumstances, the Court concludes that the domestic courts’ use of the applicants’ confessions obtained in violation of Article 3 of the Convention, regardless of their impact on the outcome of the criminal proceedings, rendered the applicants’ trials unfair.

246.  Accordingly, there has been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention in respect of Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08), Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09), Mr Khadziyev, Mr Ozdoyev and Mr Tsurov (no. 30444/08), and Mr Vitrigov, Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09).

VII.   OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF THE CONVENTION

247.  The Court observes that Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07) complained under Article 8 of the Convention that the authorities had unlawfully searched his home on the night of his apprehension on 23 August 2004. The Court notes that there is no indication in the material in the case file that the applicant ever complained about the search to the national authorities or that he raised the issue in the domestic proceedings. His complaint is therefore inadmissible for failure to exhaust domestic remedies and must be rejected pursuant to Article 35 §§ 1 and 4 of the Convention.

248.  Mr Vitrigov, Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) complained under Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (c) of the Convention that the national authorities had breached their right to legal assistance of their own choosing at the initial stages of the criminal proceedings in respect of them. Having regard to the findings relating to Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the Court considers that it is not necessary to examine whether, in this case, there has been a violation of Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (c) of the Convention.

249.  The Court further notes that Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) complained under Articles 3 and 34 of the Convention about the conditions of detention in the punishment cells and that the authorities had hindered his correspondence with the Court. In the light of the material in its possession, the Court considers that the applicant’s complaints do not disclose an appearance of a violation of the Convention. They are inadmissible under Article 35 § 3 as manifestly ill-founded, and must be rejected pursuant to Article 35 § 4 of the Convention.

VIII.  APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION

250.  Article 41 of the Convention provides:

“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”

A.    Damage, costs and expenses

251.  The amounts claimed by the applicants in respect of non‑pecuniary damage and costs and expenses are indicated in the appended table.

252.  Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Aliyev (no. 7626/08), Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08), and Mr Vitrigov, Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) provided documents and receipts in support of their claims in respect of the costs and expenses incurred before the Court.

253.  Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Khadziyev, Mr Ozdoyev and Mr Tsurov (no. 30444/08) and Mr Gastemirov (no. 19185/10) did not provide a legal contract with their representatives in support of their claims in respect of costs and expenses.

254.  Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09) did not claim any compensation under the head of costs and expenses.

255.  The Government submitted that Article 41 should be applied in accordance with the Court’s established case-law.

B.    The Court’s assessment

256.  Wherever the Court finds a violation of the Convention, it may accept that the applicants have suffered non-pecuniary damage which cannot be compensated for solely by the findings of violations, and make a financial award.

257.  As to costs and expenses, the Court has to establish whether they were actually incurred and whether they were necessary and reasonable as to quantum (see McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom, 27 September 1995, § 220, Series A no. 324).

258.  Having regard to the conclusions and principles set out above and to the parties’ submissions, the Court awards the applicants the amounts detailed in the appended table, plus any tax that may be chargeable to them on those amounts.

259.  The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,

1.      Decides to join the applications;

2.      Dismisses the Government’s objections concerning exhaustion of domestic remedies in respect of the complaints of Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), and Mr Vitrigov and Mr Agamerzayev (no. 21123/09) under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention;

3.      Declares the complaint of Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06) under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the complaint of Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07) under Article 8 of the Convention and the complaints of Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) under Article 3 (conditions of detention) and Article 34 of the Convention inadmissible and the remainder of the applications admissible;

4.      Holds that there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention under its substantive and procedural limbs in that Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Aliyev (no. 7626/08), Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08), Mr Khadziyev, Mr Ozdoyev and Mr Tsurov (no. 30444/08), Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09), Mr Vitrigov, Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) and Mr Gastemirov (no. 19185/10) were subjected to torture in police custody, and that no effective investigation into their complaints was carried out by the authorities;

5.      Holds that there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention in respect of Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) on account of his solitary confinement;

6.      Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention in respect of Mr Uspanov (no. 48053/06), Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09), and Mr Vitrigov and Mr Agamerzayev (no. 21123/09);

7.      Holds that there has been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention in respect of Mr Mutayev and Mr Tatayev (no. 29924/07), Mr Shavayev (no. 8187/08), Mr Laypanov (no. 8600/09), Mr Khadziyev, Mr Ozdoyev and Mr Tsurov (no. 30444/08), and Mr Vitrigov, Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09);

8.      Holds that there is no need to examine the complaint of Mr Vitrigov, Mr Agamerzayev and Mr Tuntuyev (no. 21123/09) under Article 6 § 3 (c) of the Convention;

9.      Holds that there is no need to examine the complaint under Article 13 of the Convention;

10.  Holds

(a)   that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;

(b)  that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the amounts indicated in the appended table at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;

11.  Dismisses the remainder of the applicants’ claims for just satisfaction.

Done in English, and notified in writing on 9 February 2021, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

Olga Chernishova                                                                    Darian Pavli
Deputy Registrar                                                                       President

 

APPENDIX

List of cases: