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High Court of Ireland Decisions |
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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> High Court of Ireland Decisions >> Whelan & Anor -v- MJELR & Ors [2007] IEHC 374 (05 October 2007) URL: http://www.bailii.org/ie/cases/IEHC/2007/H374.html Cite as: [2007] IEHC 374, [2008] 2 IR 142 |
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Judgment Title: Whelan & Anor -v- MJELR & Ors Composition of Court: Irvine J. Judgment by: Irvine J. Status of Judgment: Approved |
Neutral Citation Number: [2007] IEHC 374 THE HIGH COURT [2004 No. 38 J.R.] BETWEEN/PETER WHELAN PLAINTIFF AND MINISTER FOR JUSTICE EQUALITY AND LAW REFORM, IRELAND AND ATTORNEY GENERAL DEFENDANTS THE HIGH COURT [2005 No.4326 P] BETWEEN/PAUL LYNCH PLAINTIFF AND MINISTER FOR JUSTICE, EQUALITY AND LAW REFORM AND IRELAND AND ATTORNEY GENERAL DEFENDANTS JUDGMENT delivered by Ms. Justice Irvine on the 5th day of October, 2007. The parties The plaintiff in the first action, Peter Whelan (“the first named Plaintiff”), was charged with the murder of a young woman named Nicola Sweeney and the attempted murder of her friend Sinead O’Leary whom he had confronted in the Sweeney household on the evening of 27th April, 2002. Both young women were savagely stabbed in the absence of any provocation and regrettably Nicola Sweeney died. Sinead O’Leary was badly injured. The first named plaintiff pleaded guilty to both of the aforementioned charges on the 27th April, 2002. At his trial in December, 2002 the first named plaintiff received a mandatory life sentence in respect of his plea of guilty to the murder of Nicola Sweeney. The trial judge further imposed a sentence of fifteen years on the first named plaintiff in respect of his attempted murder of Sinead O’Leary with the latter sentence directed to run consecutively to the former. The Court of Criminal Appeal in June, 2003 reversed the structure of the sentences so that the life sentence would be consecutive to the fifteen years sentence imposed in respect of the attempted murder offence. Paul Lynch, the plaintiff in the second action (“the second named plaintiff”) was charged with murder and robbery in respect of events involving a taxi driver, namely, William Campbell on 22nd September, 1995. Mr. Campbell was known by the second named plaintiff to have had a significant amount of cash on his person on the evening concerned. The second named plaintiff, charged with this knowledge, went home to his house, retrieved a frying pan and then proceeded to Mr. Campbell’s home where he struck his victim seven to eight times prior to robbing him of £65. Mr. Campbell died as a result of this assault. The second named plaintiff having been sentenced to life imprisonment following upon his plea of guilty to the charge of murder then appealed to the Court of Criminal Appeal on the grounds that his legal team had coerced him to so plead. The appeal was rejected in July, 1998 and the second named plaintiff continues to serve his sentence in respect of the aforementioned conviction. The second named plaintiff’s continued detention was considered by the Parole Board in 2004, and in July, 2004 the first named defendant, having considered the report of the Parole Board, determined that the second named plaintiff should not be released from prison and that any further application in respect of his sentence would not be considered for a further period of three years. The nature of the proceedings The statement of claim of the first named plaintiff was delivered on 15th March, 2004, and the statement of claim of second named plaintiff on 8th February, 2006. Whilst there are significant differences in the pleadings, particularly in respect of the reliefs sought by these plaintiffs, the substantial issues of law that this Court is asked to engage with overlap to the extent that it is appropriate that the issues of law arising in both claims be dealt with together. The plaintiffs complain that s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 which provides for a mandatory life sentence for murder is unconstitutional. In particular it is claimed that this section offends Articles 6, 34.1, 38.1, 40.4.1, 40.3.1 and 40.3.2 of the Constitution. The plaintiffs allege that any individual sentenced to a mandatory life sentence for murder is unlikely to serve out such sentence. The plaintiffs contend that it is almost a certainty that at some point in time in the course of their respective lifetimes, following upon a report from the Parole Board, that the first named defendant will direct their release thus ultimately deciding upon the duration of their imprisonment. In terms of Irish domestic law the principle complaints made by the plaintiffs are as follows:- 1. That s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990, insofar as it mandates a judge to impose a mandatory life sentence for murder, amounts to a sentencing exercise on the part of the Oireachtas and that the same offends the doctrine of the separation of powers enshrined in the Constitution. 2. That insofar as s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 leaves the trial judge no discretion whatsoever as regards the sentence to be imposed that the same offends the doctrine of proportionality which it is alleged is enshrined in the Constitution. 3. That insofar as it is the first named defendant who is likely to ultimately release the plaintiffs from their imprisonment during their lifetime that the first named defendant in exercising such power is carrying out a judicial function and that his actions in this regard offend the doctrine of the separation of powers enshrined in the Constitution. In relation to the European Convention on Human Rights Act, 2003 the plaintiffs allege:-
2. That the role of the Parole Board as operated since its establishment in 2001 and the exercise by the Minister of his power to commute or remit sentence or to direct the temporary release of prisoners serving mandatory life sentences is incompatible with Articles 5(1) and 5(4) of the European Convention. The plaintiffs submit that the decision of the Minister made, following upon a report of the Parole Board, in any individual case amounts to a sentencing exercise on the part of the Executive contrary to Article 5(1) of the Convention. It is further alleged that they have been denied an appropriate mechanism to review their continued detention in breach of Article 5(4) of the Convention. In particular it is alleged that the decision of the Minister made in July, 2004 that he would not consider any further submissions by the second named plaintiff regarding his continued imprisonment for a further period of three years was in breach of his alleged right to have his continued detention reviewed on a regular and frequent periodic basis in accordance with Article 5(4) of the Convention. 3. That the role of the Parole Board and the process whereby the Minister considers the continued detention of an offender serving a mandatory life sentence for murder contravenes the rights of the plaintiffs as provided for in Article 6 (1) of the Convention. It is alleged that such continued detention may only be decided by an independent judicial body which will conduct a hearing in public and at which hearing the plaintiffs will be afforded, inter alia, adversarial rights. The defence The defendants deny that s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 is unconstitutional. The defendants argue that a mandatory life sentence is proportionate and that the mandatory nature of the life sentence provided for in legislation does not offend the doctrine of the separation of powers. The defendants deny that the role of the first named defendant in exercising his power to commute or remit a sentence under ss. 23 and 23(a) of the Criminal Justice Act, 1951 or his power to grant temporary release pursuant to the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act, 1960 as amended by the Criminal Justice (Temporary Release of Prisoners) Act, 2003 offends the doctrine of separation of powers provided for in the Constitution. The defendants in their defence deny that any life sentence imposed in respect of a charge of murder has both penal and preventative components as contended for by the plaintiffs. The defendants further deny that there is anything offensive about the Oireachtas selecting a mandatory life sentence to reflect the gravity with which the offence of murder is viewed. The defendants deny all alleged breaches of the Convention. The defendants submit that a mandatory life sentence for murder is entirely punitive in nature and does not offend Article 3 of the Convention and deny that the imposition of such sentence or the uncertainty as to the potential date for the prisoner’s likely release amounts to inhuman or degrading treatment. The defendants contend that the decision making process whereby a mandatory life sentence may be commuted or remitted by the decision of the first named defendant in exercising his discretion under ss. 23 and 23(a) of the Criminal Justice Act, 1951 (as amended) following a consideration of the continued detention of any prisoner by the Parole Board does not amount to a sentencing exercise so as to enable the plaintiffs to contend for any alleged breach of Article 5(4) or Article 6(1) of the Convention. The defendants assert that the plaintiffs are not entitled to have their continued detention periodically reviewed in the manner provided for by Article 5(4) of the Convention in circumstances where their life sentences are entirely punitive in nature. The defendants formally object to the plaintiffs’ entitlement to rely upon the Convention save to the extent that the same is provided for by the European Convention on Human Rights Act, 2003. The defendants rely upon s.2 of the said Act, which requires the Court to interpret any legislation or rule of law under challenge insofar as possible in a manner compatible with the state’s obligations under the Convention, in support of their assertion that s. 2. of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 does not offend the plaintiffs’ Convention rights. Finally the defendants submit that the only relief open to the plaintiffs is that conferred by s.5 of the European Convention on Human Rights Act, 2003 namely, a declaration of incompatibility in respect of a statutory provision or rule of law which in this case is s.2 of the Criminal Justice Act,1990. Relevant historical material Prior to considering the constitutionality of s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 it is relevant to set out, by way of historical background, a number of the constitutional and legislative provisions relevant to the matters in dispute in these proceedings. Murder, treason and piracy carried the death penalty at the time of the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. The Criminal Justice Act of 1964 abolished the death penalty for all offences except treason and certain categories of offences under the Defence Act, 1954, the Offences against the State Act, 1939 and capital murder. The Criminal Justice Act of 1990 abolished the death penalty in its entirety but provided instead for the imposition of a mandatory life sentence. In 2001 the Constitution was amended at Article 15.5.2 to impose a constitutional ban on the death penalty. It is important, in circumstances where all legislation must be presumed to be constitutional, that the plaintiffs’ claim that s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 is unconstitutional is viewed against the backdrop of this constitutional amendment. The precursor to the mandatory life sentence for murder was the death penalty. The death penalty was imposed by s. 1 of the Offences against the Person Act, 1861 which provided as follows:-
Section 1 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1964, provided for the removal of the death penalty save in respect of the offences of treason, capital murder and a number of other designated types of murder:- Section 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1964 provided that:-
The Twenty - First Amendment of the Constitution Act, 2001 prohibited the death penalty and provided for the removal of references to the death penalty. Article 15.5.2 of the Constitution now provides:-
The power of the first named defendant to commute or remit punishment or grant temporary release to prisoners. Irrespective of the sentence prescribed by a trial judge in respect of any offence, the first named defendant has powers to commute or remit that punishment or alternatively to grant the person convicted of any such offence temporary release from prison. The power of the first named defendant in this respect has its origins in the constitutional and legislative provisions set out below. Article 13(6) of the Constitution provides as follows:-
The government’s right to delegate the power to commute or remit a sentence to the Minister for Justice was provided for in s. 23(3) of the Criminal Justice Act, 1951 which provided as follows:-
Section 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1960 provides as follows:-
The Parole Board was appointed by the Minister for Justice on 4th April, 2001, and this body has not as yet been placed on any statutory footing. The role of the Parole Board is stated to be to advise the Minister in relation to the administration of lengthy custodial sentences. The first named respondent refers the cases of prisoners sentenced to lengthy periods of incarceration to the Parole Board for review. In general, prisoners sentenced to fourteen years or more, including those serving a mandatory life sentence for murder (with the exception of those convicted of murder under s. 3 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990), have their sentence reviewed after seven years have been served. The Parole Board thereafter makes a recommendation to the first named respondent. It is clear from the provisions set out above that the life sentences imposed upon each of the plaintiffs in this action derive from legislation enacted by the Oireachtas and in particular s.2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990. The mandatory sentences were only imposed by the trial judge in each case following pleas of guilty by the plaintiffs to the respective murder charges and only after they had availed of the full panoply of rights accorded in this jurisdiction to persons accused of such offences. Notwithstanding their respective life sentences, it is accepted by the plaintiffs and defendants alike that at some time in the course of their lifetimes, the plaintiffs are likely to be released from incarceration and that they may ultimately enjoy a commutation or remission of their life sentences or temporary release therefrom in accordance with the constitutional and legislative provisions set out above. From a consideration of the legislative and constitutional provisions referred to above it appears that there is something of a distinction to be drawn between the exercise by the Minister of his right to remit or commute a sentence as envisaged by Article 13.6 of the Constitution and as provided for in ss. 23 and 23(a) of the 1951 Criminal Justice Act, (as amended) as opposed to his right to grant temporary release to a prisoner under the provisions of s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1960 as amended by the Criminal Justice (Temporary Release of Prisoners) Act, 2003. The former is a general executive power which enables the Minister to engage with the continued detention of all prisoners sentenced by the courts whilst the later provides for the temporary release of prisoners under a specific statutory regime. In Kinahan v. The Minister for Justice [2001] 4 IR 454 Hardiman J. considered the nature of temporary release provided for under the Criminal Justice Act, 1960 and the Prisoners (Temporary Release) Rules, 1960. In so doing, Hardiman J. held that temporary release was not a specific exercise of the general power of commutation or remission envisaged in the Constitution but rather appeared to be a statutory creation under specific legislation. He stated:-
In the course of the hearing, little emphasis was placed upon the distinction that the court should draw between temporary release as provided for under statute and the rights of the first named defendant to remit or commute sentence as envisaged in Article 13.6 of the Constitution. However, the plaintiffs, for the purposes of supporting their case on each of the issues referred to above rely upon the fact that the first named defendant uses the temporary release legislation for the purposes of deciding upon the continued detention or otherwise of prisoners serving life sentences for murder and also as the basis upon which they may ultimately be released. In particular, great reliance has been placed on a statement made by the then Minister for Justice on 24th March, 2006, wherein he made reference to how prisoners serving life sentences were likely to be dealt with by the executive. He stated as follows:-
The Irish Dimension The plaintiffs propound their challenge to the constitutionality of s. 2 of the 1990 Criminal Justice Act on three major grounds namely:- (a) An assertion that by removing from the trial judge any discretion regarding the sentence to be served by an individual pronounced guilty of murder that the legislature is carrying out a sentencing exercise in breach of the doctrine of the separation of powers. (b) That insofar as the mandatory life sentence is the same for every murder irrespective of its gravity and individual circumstances, that such a sentence is offensive to the doctrine of proportionality allegedly enshrined in the Constitution.
Section 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 enjoys the presumption of constitutionality and the onus is on the plaintiffs to displace this presumption. The plaintiffs must also prove their assertion that the provisions of s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 are unconstitutional notwithstanding the fact that the section enjoys the protection of the double construction rule which requires the court to construe the section in accordance with the Constitution if there are two interpretations available, one of which favours the validity of the Act. See East Donegal Cooperative Society v. The Attorney General [1970] I.R. 317. Article 6 of the Constitution provides as follows:-
In considering the plaintiffs’ contention that s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 offends the Constitution in so many respects the court must consider the distinct functions which are performed by the judiciary, the Oireachtas and the executive. It is clear from the Constitution that the Oireachtas, as the democratically elected body representing the public, has the power to make laws which prescribe a variety of penalties for various criminal offences. The right of the Oireachtas to make such legislative provisions has never been doubted and one of the main issues in this case is whether or not, in providing for a mandatory life sentence in respect of all convictions for murder, the Oireachtas has strayed beyond the boundary which protects the role of the judiciary as enshrined in the Constitution. The Constitution, in Article 34 requires justice to be administered in courts and gives the court jurisdiction in all criminal matters. Article 38 guarantees that no person will be deprived of their liberty save by trial before a court. Thus, the Constitution envisages that a court will be the body to determine the guilt of an individual and also to impose sentence consequent upon that guilt. The Constitution itself, nonetheless affords to the executive a role in relation to the administration of justice. This role is to be found in Article 13.6 of the Constitution which provides as follows:- Article 13.6:-
Whilst the plaintiffs assert that the Oireachtas, in providing that a mandatory life sentence be imposed in respect of the offence of murder, has usurped the powers of the judiciary, the plaintiffs have not been in a position to support this assertion by reference to existing case law. Indeed, such case law as exists undermines the assertion that the legislature is precluded from prescribing a mandatory sentence for a particular class or type of offence. The issue of the separation of powers and the boundaries between the legislature and judiciary in relation to sentencing were considered in Deaton v. Attorney General [1963] I.R. 170. In Deaton the court condemned the trespass by the executive into the judicial domain when considering the constitutionality of s. 186 of the Customs (Consolidation) Act, 1876. That legislation conferred on the Revenue Commissioners the power to select between two penalties provided for in the legislation namely:- (i) treble the value of the goods concerned or (ii) a charge of £100. O’Dalaigh C.J. made it clear that legislation could provide for a fixed penalty but that if a range of penalties was available the selection of such a penalty could not be left to any arm of the executive such as the Revenue Commissioners but would have to be exercised by the court. At p. 181, O’Dalaigh C.J. stated that:-
If one is to admit of the argument that mandatory sentencing in relation to any criminal offence is unconstitutional, one would have to give serious consideration as to the extent to which the legislature would be in a position to provide either maximum or minimum sentences in any legislation dealing with criminal offences without risking constitutional infringement. Further, the same argument would have to raise questions as to the role of the executive, post sentence, where, as outlined above, the executive effectively has power to alter the sentence imposed by the trial judge through a range of measures including commutation, remission or early release of prisoners because of good behaviour or on foot of a Temporary Release Order. Once again, it could be alleged that for the executive to invoke any of these measures must be unconstitutional because de facto the prison sentence initially imposed is likely to be varied somewhat by executive intervention of one type or another. At para. 6.1.124 of J.M. Kelly: The Irish Constitution, the author considers the fact that legislation often encroaches upon the courts discretion in terms of sentencing and other matters and that such legislative provisions are within the competence of the Oireachtas. The mere fact that a statute obliges the court, once a certain stated fact has been traditionally established, to make a particular order, is not, according to the author an encroachment on the judicial function. An example of this type of legislation was considered in The State (O’Rourke) v. Kelly [1983] IR 58 where the court dealt with the constitutionality of s. 62(3) of the Housing Act, 1966 which provided that a district justice was required to issue a warrant if satisfied that the demand for possession had been made. The court said:-
If the plaintiffs are correct that any mandatory provision in legislation transgresses upon the constitutional role of the judiciary, it is difficult to see how the legislature can legitimately, as it does in so many cases, direct the court in legislation as to how certain evidence must be treated by the court at trial. In this respect the defendants refer to a number of the legislative provisions which provide that on proof of certain factual evidence, the burden of proof to disprove an offence may well shift to an accused person such as with various firearms offences. Clearly s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 enjoys the presumption of constitutionality. This being so, and taking into account the jurisprudence of the courts in relation to the separation of powers between the legislature and judiciary in relation to mandatory sentencing as set out in Deaton and Osmanovic, the plaintiffs have failed to convince the court that the mandatory life sentence for murder provided for by s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 amounts to an interference by the legislature with the role of the judiciary in relation to sentencing matters such as to offend the doctrine of the separation of powers. B. Proportionality: Does s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 offend the alleged Constitutional doctrine of proportionality? The plaintiffs in this case plead and submit that s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 is unconstitutional because it gives the trial judge no opportunity to exercise any discretion as to the length of the sentence to be imposed. The plaintiffs contend that a curtailment which removes from the trial judge any possibility of matching the sentence to the facts of an individual case offends the doctrine of the proportionality. However, the plaintiffs concede in argument that the constitutionality of the section would not be in doubt if the trial judge enjoyed even the slightest discretion including one which would be confined to the right of the trial judge to advise as to when, in his opinion, the continued detention of the individual concerned might be reviewed by the first named defendant having regard to the facts of the individual case when compared to other cases within the same class of offence. The defendants robustly assert that the mandatory punitive life sentence for murder meets any test of proportionality with or without the potential for remission or commutation of sentence in the manner previously described. Prior to considering the origins of the constitutional doctrine of proportionality it is important to refer to those decisions relied upon by the plaintiffs in support of their contention that s. 2 of the 1990 Criminal Justice Act offends such doctrine. The plaintiffs firstly rely upon the judgment of Flood J. in Director of Public Prosecutions v. W.C. [1994] 1 I.L.R.M. 321. The trial judge in that case was required to impose a sentence upon a young man who pleaded guilty to raping his girlfriend on New Years Eve on 31st December, 1991. The trial judge imposed a suspended sentence of nine years and in support of the apparent leniency of that sentence emphasised the importance of a trial judge being in a position to act independently and impartially in the exercise of his judicial discretion. The learned trial judge stated:-
The plaintiffs further rely upon the judgment of Denham J. in Director of Public Prosecutions v. M. [1994] 3 I.R. 306, where she considered the importance of sentences being proportionate to the gravity of offences. In dealing with an appeal against the severity of a sentence passed upon a teacher and member of a religious order who pleaded guilty before the Central Criminal Court to a number of counts of buggery and indecent assault, Denham J. stated at p. 316:-
The doctrine of constitutional proportionality in Ireland has its origins in the decision of Costello J. in Heaney v. Ireland [1994] 3 I.R. 593 in which case the constitutionality of s. 52 of the Offences against the State Act, 1939 was considered. That section required persons arrested to give an account of their movements. The court was asked to consider whether such a provision amounted to a legitimate restriction on the constitutional right against self incrimination. Costello J. applied what is now referred to as the rationality test when he said:-
(b) impair the right as little as possible, and (c) be such that their effects on rights are proportional to the objective.”
(b) Does it intrude into constitutional rights as little as is reasonably possible? (c) Is there a proportionality between the section and the right to trial in due course of law and the objective of the legislation?” Given that the court has no discretion in a murder charge the only question is whether or not a mandatory life sentence, with the only prospect of remission being that which might be exercised on a discretionary basis by the first named defendant, is proportionate to the public good to be achieved by the deprivation of liberty so provided for. Section 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990, is clearly designed to reflect the constitutional significance which is attached to the right to life which has been placed at the top of the hierarchy of constitutional rights as determined in The People (DPP) v. Shaw [1982] I.R. 1. The starting point thus, must be the right to life as enshrined in Article 40 of the Constitution. Article 40.3.1 provides as follows:- “40.3.1 The State guarantees in its laws to respect, and, as far as practicable, by its laws to defend and vindicate the personal rights of the citizen. 40.3.2 The State shall, in particular, by its laws protect as best it may from unjust attack and, in the case of injustice done, vindicate the life, person, good name, and property rights of every citizen.” When a citizen is murdered not only is their right to life taken away but the offender has in the most devastating manner imaginable fundamentally undermined the family unit group to which that citizen belonged, the importance of which is recognised by the special position afforded to it in Article 41 of the Constitution. “41.1.1 The State recognises the Family as the natural primary and fundamental unit group of Society, and as a moral institution possessing inalienable and imprescriptible rights, antecedent and superior to all positive law.” The aforementioned provisions provide a sound basis for upholding the constitutionality of s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1960 on any proportionality test. It is difficult to see how such legislation could be stated to be irrational or indeed arbitrary. Further in favour of the constitutionality of the provisions of s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 is the unique nature of the offence of murder. The Criminal Justice Act, 1964 at s. 4 sets out the “malice” which must be established as a prerequisite to conviction. Section 4 provides as follows:- Section 4(1)
It is clear that the legislature takes a very strong view that society ought to be protected from the class of person who will intentionally kill or cause serious bodily harm and that this may well best be achieved by providing for a sentencing regime which will act as a significant deterrent to anybody who might be considering an act of such reprehensible violence. Having regard to the nature of the offence, the defences available and the trial procedures available to an accused, this Court does not accept that the legislature in providing for a mandatory life sentence for all classes murder has encroached upon the constitutional doctrine of proportionality. The plaintiffs’ argument that s. 2 is unconstitutional for want of proportionality is gravely weakened by the fact that the Constitution itself required amendment by the insertion of Article 15.5.2 to preclude the Oireachtas from enacting any law which would impose the death penalty. Given that the death penalty was perceived to be proportionate and be rooted in the Constitution itself it is difficult to see how the plaintiffs can contend that the lesser penalty of a mandatory life sentence in some way offends the concept of proportionality protected by the same Constitution. In considering the constitutional doctrine of proportionality in the context of this case the recent decision of Charleton J. in the D.P.P. v. Cash [2007] IEHC 108 is informative. In that case the learned trial judge was involved in a consideration of improperly obtained evidence in the course of a garda investigation. Starting at para. 42 of his judgment the learned trial judge discussed the competing interests which arise when any crime is being prosecuted. Charleton J. referred to the fact that:-
In oral submission, it was conceded on behalf of the plaintiffs that had s.2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 left even the slightest discretion to the trial judge, even one limited to affording him the right to recommend when, in his opinion on the facts of the case, the offender might be considered by the Minister for release that the section would have to be considered to be constitutional. On this alternative argument it is difficult to see how such marginal discretion would avail the judge of individualised type of sentencing envisaged by Denham J. and Flood J. in the cases quoted above. Again, for this reason this Court rejects the arguments on proportionality advanced insofar as they are alleged to pertain to the mandatory life sentence for murder as provided for in s.2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990. Having regard to all of the above this Court is not satisfied that s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 is unconstitutional by reason of any want of constitutional proportionality. C. Does the exercise by the first named defendant of his power to commute or grant remission in respect of a mandatory life sentence for murder amount to the sentencing of the offender by the executive so as to offend the doctrine of the separation of powers? Approaching this issue from the point of view of Irish domestic law the plaintiffs submit that the first named defendant has complete control over a prisoner’s sentence. The plaintiffs allege that the mandatory life sentence is anything but what it purports to be as it is invariably foreshortened by executive intervention during its currency. The plaintiffs submit that the first named defendant is the organ of the State, which de facto imposes the sentence given that it ultimately determines the length of time to be served by an offender sentenced to life imprisonment for murder. The plaintiffs submit that because a mandatory life sentence never materialises that the sentence of the offender in reality must be made up of a period which reflects the punitive aspect of the crime committed and a further period to reflect the potential risk to the public of releasing the offender from his life sentence. The plaintiffs contend that only the trial judge can determine a sentence and that the Minister’s intervention in foreshortening the sentence amounts to a breach of the separation of powers provided for in the Constitution. In particular, the plaintiffs implicate the first named defendant’s actions as being contrary to the provisions of Article 34.1, Article 38.1, Articles 40.1, 40.3.1, 40.3.2 and 40.4.1. The defendants assert that the role of the first named defendant amounts to executive clemency which has its roots in the Constitution and that when the Minister exercises this power that he is not involved in the sentencing process which occurred when the trial judge imposed the mandatory life sentence. The defendants specifically plead that the Irish courts have rejected the concept of any sentence having a deterrent or preventative element and that all sentences imposed in Ireland are purely punitive. The defendants at all stages deny that the Irish courts could countenance any sentence comprising a deterrent element and this aspect of the plaintiffs’ argument is dealt with later. In the course of argument the plaintiffs referred to the Parole Board which was established by the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform to review the cases of prisoners with longer term sentences and to provide advice in relation to the administration of those sentences which was set up in April, 2001. In particular the plaintiffs rely upon the general principles adopted by the Parole Board which permit persons convicted of murder, with certain specified exceptions, to have their cases reviewed after seven years imprisonment. In support of their argument that the first named defendant is engaged in a sentencing exercise in breach of the doctrine of the separation of powers, the plaintiffs have placed reliance upon a speech made by the then Minister for Justice on the 24th March, 2006. The following extract from that speech has been used by the plaintiffs in support of two assertions, the first of which is that the Minister is carrying out a sentencing function at the time of his review of a prisoner’s continued detention. Secondly, the plaintiffs contend that the Ministers speech is evidence of the fact that sentences include a tariff in respect of the offence committed and also a period in respect of preventative detention. The relevant extract from the aforementioned speech is as follows:-
Since becoming Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform in 2002, I have on numerous occasions, both in the Houses of the Oireachtas and elsewhere, sought to dispel this notion. I want again today to reiterate that while I will consider each and every case individually and on its merits, nobody should expect even in the absence of aggravating factors and where guilt has been admitted, remorse shown, good behaviour demonstrated during imprisonment and a capacity for rehabilitation proven that there is a likelihood that he or she will be set at liberty on licence at least before the expiry of 12 to 14 years. I want to send that message out loud and clear. Respect for human life must be a cornerstone of our society. When a person commits a murder, often in a cold blooded fashion, then he or she must be in no doubt of the consequences – he or she will serve a long prison sentence following conviction for such a heinous and despicable crime. In cases characterised by aggravating factors such as cruelty, the use of firearms, political, paramilitary or gangland motivation, or significant premeditation, I believe much longer sentences of at least 15 to 20 years should be served. Likewise, where the perpetrator, by his crime or by his personality or behaviour remains an obvious risk to the safety of others, the public good will be protected by extended imprisonment. The length of time spent in custody by offenders serving life sentences can vary substantially. I can tell you that, of those prisoners serving life sentences who have been released over the past ten years, the average sentence served in prison is approximately thirteen and a half years. However, this is only an average and there are prisoners serving life sentences who have served in excess of thirty years in custody. Even when released life sentenced prisoners remain subject to supervision indefinitely. This supervision is carried out on behalf of my Department by the probation and welfare service. In all such cases there is the condition that the person released must be of good behaviour. If he or she comes to the attention of the authorities for any breach of temporary release conditions, he or she may be arrested without warrant and taken back into custody without the need for fresh proceedings and may be held in custody thereafter at my discretion.” In the course of the hearing all parties appeared to accept that prisoners have their sentences foreshortened for good behaviour. A prisoner’s sentence may also be foreshortened in the interest of the good government of a prison. This topic has received much attention and is commonly described as the “revolving door” syndrome. In such cases the sentence prescribed by the court is in effect varied by the Governor of the prison with the authority of the Minister. In all such cases the sentence imposed by the trial judge is foreshortened and it has never been suggested that such intervention on the power of the executive or the prison Governor in any way infringes the doctrine of separation of powers. Because of the distinct roles ascribed to the judiciary, legislature and executive under the Constitution the role of the court is at an end once sentence has been passed. It is then up to the executive to carry out the sentencing imposed and, if appropriate, to exercise its rights of clemency by granting remission or otherwise commuting or granting temporary release from any individual prison sentence. In exercising his right to commute or remit punishment, the Minister is merely fulfilling the role afforded to him, in Article 13.6 of the Constitution. Clearly there can be no question of the Minister, in such circumstances, offending the doctrine of the separation of powers. Further, the court does not accept that the Minister is involved in a sentencing exercise if he exercises his statutory right to grant temporary release to any prisoner thereby suspending for a period or even indefinitely a sentence imposed by the court. The Constitution has provided for a distinct and separate role to be carried of by the Executive, the Oireachtas and the Judiciary in relation to the rights of citizens to be protected from criminals. The Oireachtas through legislation provides for the creation of offences and the range of penalties appropriate thereto. The courts and the Judiciary then ensure that a conviction is only arrived at following upon due process after which a sentence is imposed. The executive then is charged with the implementation of the sentence prescribed and the exercise of this power has been held in many cases not to constitute interference with the doctrine of separation of powers. From Article 13.6 it is clear that the Constitution itself expressly contemplates a body other than the court itself foreshortening sentences imposed by a trial judge. As already stated the same power was vested in the Government pursuant to s. 23 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1951 with the Government’s right to delegate this power to the Minister for Justice being provided for in s. 17 of the Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1997. The somewhat different and less terminal concept of temporary release, as already stated, is provided for in the Criminal Justice Act, 1960 and the first named respondent’s powers to grant temporary release is now provided for with significant particularity in the Criminal Justice (Temporary Release of Prisoners) Act, 2003. The assertion that the exercise by the first named defendant of any of the powers afforded to him, be they of commutation, remission of sentence or of temporary release amounts to the sentencing of prisoners or an unwarranted interference by the executive with the constitutional rights of the judiciary as an organ of the state is simply not borne out by the authorities. There is ample authority which supports the role of the executive in the commutation or remission of sentences and in these authorities the respective roles of the judiciary and the executive in relation to sentencing have been discussed. In D.P.P. v. Michael Cahill [1980] I.R. 8 the accused was convicted of burglary and sentenced to seven years imprisonment. The trial judge directed the suspension of the balance of the sentence and ordered that the accused be brought before the court 36 months after sentence indicating that if at that time he had obeyed normal prison discipline the court would consider suspending the balance of a sentence. Henchy J. gave some guidance at to the respective roles of the executive and the judiciary when he stated:-
The use of partly suspended sentences by trial judges has been deemed by the Supreme Court to be an interference with the power of commutation or remission vested in the executive. The court in The People (Director of Public Prosecutions) v. Finn [2001] 2 I.R. 25 considered at length the practice of partly suspending sentences of imprisonment. Keane C.J. having considered the decisions in The People v. Cahill [1980] I.R. 8 and The People (Director of Public Prosecutions) v. Aylmer [1995] 2 I.L.R.M. 624 described an order made by the court at the review date in the following terms:-
The decision in the D.P.P. v. Tiernan is clear authority for recognition of the role of the executive in terms of the commutation/remission of those subjected to a life sentence whether it be of a mandatory or discretionary nature. The aforementioned line of authority is consistent with the earlier views of the Supreme Court as outlined in Murray and Murray v. Ireland and the Attorney General [1991] I.L.R.M. 465, where the plaintiffs who were husband and wife and were serving a life sentence for murder sought to have the court direct the executive to grant them temporary release for the purposes of endeavouring to start a family. On appeal from a refusal of the High Court to make the direction sought the court held that the length of time which a person sentenced to imprisonment for life spends in custody and the extent to which, if any, such a person obtains temporary release is a matter which under the constitutional doctrine of the separation of powers rests entirely with the executive. The exercise of those powers by the executive would only be subject to supervision by the courts if it could be established that such powers were being exercised in the manner which were capricious, arbitrary or unjust. Finally, in Brennan v. The Minister for Justice, Ireland and the Attorney General [1995] 1 I.R. 612 the court was asked to consider the role of the executive when exercising a power to remit sentence and whether s. 23 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1951, was invalid having regard to Article 13.6 and Article 34 of the Constitution. In that case Geoghegan J. was asked to consider whether the Minister for Justice, at the time of considering four applications to commute or remit punishment, was carrying out a judicial function such that it required to be carried out in public and in consultation with the applicants. The learned trial judge determined that the power to commute or remit a sentence as conferred upon the Government by Article 13.6 of the Constitution was an executive, not a judicial power. He accordingly held it was unnecessary for the first named respondent to exercise this power in public but found that the first named respondent could be subject to judicial review as to the manner in which such power was exercised. In particular he held that there was no obligation upon the first named respondent to consult the judge who had imposed the sentence when considering whether or not to exercise his executive function and stated that such a practice might well be “regarded as a dubious practice”. Geoghegan J. went on to advise:-
1. A dispute or controversy as to the existence of legal rights or a violation of the law: 2. The determination or ascertainment of the rights of parties or imposition of liabilities or the infliction of a penalty: 3. The final determination (subject to appeal) of legal rights or liabilities or the imposition of penalties: 4. The enforcement of those rights or liabilities or the imposition of a penalty by the Court or by the executive power of the State which is called in by the Court to enforce judgment: 5. The making of an order by the Court which as a matter of history is an order characteristic of courts in this country. There is no authority available to the court to support the assertion that the regime whereby a prisoner maybe released prior to the completion of a sentence imposed by the court is one which rests solely within the courts prerogative. Neither is there any authority for the proposition that the imposition by a court of a particular sentence means that the offender will stay in custody for the entire duration of that sentence. Indeed, a provisions as such as s. 3 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 which provides that those convicted of murder of a specific gravity should not be considered for release until after they have served forty years in prison, demonstrates clearly that the legislature envisages that in most cases, even those where the offender receives a mandatory life sentence for murder, the offender will probably be released by the executive before the expiry of their sentence. It is common case, and accepted by all parties to this litigation that the greater majority of persons sentenced to imprisonment have their detention foreshortened otherwise then by the courts. There is nothing in the existing case law which encourages this Court to the view that the executive, acting through a Minister, when commuting or remitting a sentence or granting temporary release to any prisoner is acting in any way which can be considered to be in breach of the Constitutional boundaries such as exist between the judiciary and executive so as to offend the doctrine of the separation of powers. The European Convention on Human Rights As already stated in this judgment the plaintiffs claim that certain rights which they enjoy by virtue of the Convention are infringed by s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 and by the role of the Parole Board and first named defendant in reviewing a prisoner’s continued detention following upon a mandatory life sentence for murder. In particular reliance is placed upon Articles 3, 5(1) and (4) and 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (“European Convention”). Article 3. The first complaint made by the plaintiffs in reliance upon the Convention is that the mandatory life sentence provided for by s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990, which, by its nature, permits only of reduction through executive clemency is one which should be considered to constitute inhuman or degrading treatment so as to offend Article 3. Article 3 of the European Convention provides as follows:-
The possibility of a challenge to s.2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 on the basis that the severity of the mandatory life sentence thereby imposed might be sufficiently extreme so as to offend Article 3 of the Convention was potentially flagged in Weeks v. The United Kingdom [1988] 10 E.H.R.R.293. In that case the applicant, then aged seventeen years, had been sentenced to life imprisonment for an offence of armed robbery. He had threatened the owner of a pet shop with an unloaded starting pistol and stole from him thirty five pence. The trial judge imposed a discretionary life sentence because of the applicant’s dangerousness and not because of the gravity of the offence. Whilst the Court was principally concerned with the distinction to be drawn between sentences imposed solely to reflect the gravity of the offence from those imposed on persons who were sentenced in such a way as to reflect the prisoners likely susceptibility to change from the point of view of constituting a danger to the public, the possibility that a wholly punitive sentence of life imprisonment for a person of a young age might offend Article 3 was muted in the following fashion at p.311:
Some further support for the plaintiffs’ contention, in particular that of the second named plaintiff, is to be found in the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Hussain v. United Kingdom [1996] 22 EHRR 1 where a juvenile aged sixteen years of age was sentenced to detention during Her Majesty’s pleasure in respect of the murder of his two year old brother. The Court was principally asked to decide whether or not the offender was entitled to have the lawfulness of his continued detention determined by a court in accordance with Article 5(4) of the Convention. In the course of the case the applicant had submitted that if his detention was regarded as equivalent to a mandatory life sentence fixed punitively to reflect the gravity of the offence that the same would fall foul of Article 3 of the Convention. The Court did not consider it necessary to examine this issue in depth in circumstances where it found that the applicant’s detention was primarily based upon considerations of a preventative rather than punitive character which entitled him, in any event, to periodic reviews of his detention. However, the court did comment that:
A further decision of some significance in the context of Article 3 is the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Leger v. France (Unreported, European Court of Human Rights, 11th April, 2006.) a decision which principally concerned a consideration of whether or not the applicant’s rights to have his detention reviewed under Article 5(4) had been breached. At the time relevant to the proceedings the applicant had been in detention for some 40 years and had been refused parole on a number of occasions. The Court observed in the course of its judgment that it was not its task to review the appropriateness of the original sentence which should be served by an individual once they were convicted by a competent court. It recognised that the position invariably adopted by the European Court of Human Rights was that it was for the domestic court to decide on what was the appropriate term of detention applicable to a particular offence. In relation to the applicant’s submission that an irreducible life sentence was in breach of Article 3 the Court stated:
Finally, whilst the plaintiffs complain that they have no way of anticipating their likely release date and that they have thereby been subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment, the plaintiffs are in fact in no different position than any other prisoners who are serving lengthy prison sentences who merely enjoy the prospect of having their sentences reviewed in accordance with the guidelines of the Parole Board. Articles 5 and 6 The provisions of the European Convention relevant to the plaintiffs’ arguments are as follows:- “Article 5(1):
(a) the lawful detention of a person after conviction by a competent court;
(I) The plaintiffs assert that they are entitled to have their
Without doubt, the European Court of Human Rights has held that in certain circumstances persons in custody and serving life sentences are entitled to regular reviews of their sentences by an impartial and independent court like body. Unfortunately, most of the case law from the European Court of Human Rights relates to life sentences, be they mandatory or discretionary, imposed upon citizens of the U.K. where at any given time the domestic law and sentencing system diverged sharply from the prevailing law and practice in this jurisdiction. Apart from the very significant fact that Irish law differs from U.K. law by virtue of the separation of powers provided for in the Irish Constitution, the law in the two jurisdictions in relation to sentencing has never been comparable. Sentencing practices in the UK have evolved and changed over the last several decades partly due to changes in policy but also as a result of legislative change and intervention from the European Court of Human Rights. Simply put, since approximately 1983 the Courts in the UK have in respect of both mandatory life sentences and discretionary life sentences made provision for the sentences to be divided into two parts. The first part of the sentence is fixed to reflect the punishment of the offender for the offence committed and this period is variously described in the relevant case law as being the retributive or tariff period. The mechanism whereby the tariff was initially fixed in respect of mandatory and discretionary life sentences was different. Once the retributive period of a sentence had been served by a prisoner, he was then considered to be in custody serving the preventative aspect of his sentence. This latter period of detention existed solely because of deterrent considerations i.e. the need to asses the potential risk to the public of releasing any individual prisoner from custody. Once a prisoner had completed the tariff/retributive portion of his sentence, irrespective of whether that tariff had been fixed by the court or the Secretary of State, the Prisoner had a right under Article 5(4) of the European Convention to have his continued detention reviewed regularly. Such a review was solely concerned with the assessment of the prisoners characteristics which might render them dangerous to the public if released and thereby might justify their continued detention. The defendants in this case assert that as the mandatory life sentence provided for in s. 2 of the Criminal Justice act, 1990 is entirely retributive/penal in nature that all of the plaintiffs rights are satisfied by their trial under Article 5(1) of the European Convention and that they enjoy no rights to a review of their respective sentences under Article 5(4) thereof. The plaintiffs contend that their rights are not satisfied by the trial which was afforded to them prior to their respective guilty pleas. The plaintiffs assert that the statement made by the first named defendant, referred to earlier in this judgment, regarding the risk to the public of granting temporary release to prisoners serving life sentences for murder and the provisions of the Criminal Justice (Temporary Release of Prisoners) Act, 2003 which provide that the Minister in deciding upon whether or not to grant temporary release should take into account the risk to the public of granting such release ,demonstrates that, in reality, the mandatory life sentence for murder has both penal and preventative components thereby entitling them to a review of their sentence under Article 5(4). In opposing the plaintiff’s submissions counsel for the defendants contend that European case law goes no further than to require any domestic legal system that embraces the concept of preventative detention to have a system to review such detention. According to the defendants submission it is only because new matters arise to be inquired into, post the punitive period of a sentence, that such a review is mandated. The defendants assert that Article 5(4) does not require every life sentence or every mandatory life sentence to be reviewed and emphatically assert that the Irish courts have ruled it impermissible to include any preventative element in any such sentence. The defendants further submit that the Minister, when reviewing a prisoner’s continued detention is not carrying out a sentencing exercise in breach of the plaintiff’s alleged rights to have his sentence determined by a court under Article 5(1) and that in commuting a sentence or granting Temporary Release he is exercising clemency whereby he either brings to an end or suspends, subject to certain conditions, an entirely punitive sentence. Prior to considering the fundamental differences in sentencing in this jurisdiction and in the U.K., it is necessary to assess whether or not the Irish courts have embraced or rejected the concept of preventative detention. In the D.P.P. v. Jackson (Unreported, Court of Criminal Appeal, 26th April, 1993) the applicant sought leave to appeal against two life sentences imposed for two rapes to which the applicant pleaded guilty. Counsel on behalf of the applicant submitted that the trial judge had effectively imposed a preventative sentence on an offender on the basis of the speech he made at the time of passing sentence which referred to the need to protect women from the applicant. Hederman J. held that:-
The fact that the Parole Board or the Minister may consider the issue of potential dangerousness of the individual upon whom a mandatory life sentence has been imposed prior to deciding upon their release does not mean that if the prisoner is not thereafter released that they are being detained against this risk. Such an individual is being detained as a penalty for their crime and the Minister in incorporating within his decision any potential risk to the public which might arise upon release is merely acting in accordance with his statutory obligations and in a manner consistent with the public interest when exercising clemency or affording temporary release. Further, the fact that a prisoner sentenced to a life sentence for murder may have an expectation that they will qualify for release at a future date does not alter the nature of their initial sentence which, having regard to present case law, must be deemed to be entirely punitive. The court believes that it is appropriate that the Minister and/or the Parole Board should operate a somewhat formalised system when assessing applications for early release, particularly having regard to the need to provide an incentive to all who are in custody to engage in the rehabilitative process. It is clearly in the public interest that when considering the potential early release of a prisoner that the Minister may look at the potential risk to society which might arise on that release. The Minister, when considering an application for temporary release under the Criminal Justice (Temporary Release of Prisoners) Act, 2003 must take into account all of the matters provided for by statute when deciding whether or not to approve the recommendation of the Parole Board. It is however a quantum leap for the plaintiffs suggest, as they must do to establish a right to have their sentences regularly reviewed under Article 5(4), that if a prisoner is not released following a recommendation of the Parole Board that they can firstly be deemed to have served the retributive portion of their sentence and secondly that their continued detention is solely for preventive reasons. It must not be forgotten that in Ireland the Parole Board considers the cases of those serving lengthy custodial sentences after the expiry of the periods set out in their rules. Those serving a life sentence may apply to the Parole Board to have their release considered once they have served seven years of their sentence. In the U.K. the intervention of the Parole Board is directly related to the tariff fixed in respect of the retributive aspect of any sentence. Hence, it can be asserted with some ease that in the UK the continued detention of a prisoner after the expiry of the tariff period is in pursuance of a preventative sentence. This is not the position in Ireland where the courts have rejected any concept of preventive detention and where no tariff period is set at the time of sentence. On the plaintiff’s submission, assuming that most prisoners serving a life sentence apply for early release having served seven years, the court would have to conclude that all such prisoners as were not released at that time had served the retributive/punitive element of their sentences and were being detained purely for preventative reasons. This would mean that the court would impliedly have to accept that each such prisoner who remained in detention had been given an unannounced punitive sentence of seven years at the time of their initial sentence. This clearly cannot be correct. Almost all of the decisions relied upon by the plaintiffs in relation to their assertion that their human rights have been infringed under Art. 5 and 6 of the Convention relate to sentencing policy and legislative changes implemented in the U.K. and which became the subject matter of scrutiny by the European Court of Human Rights over several decades. Most of these cases are of no relevance if it is accepted that a mandatory life sentence is entirely punitive in nature. The right to engage Art. 5(4) only arises if the plaintiffs can establish that they have served the retributive parts of their sentences and are now being deprived of liberty by reason of characteristics which may be susceptible to change which need to be reassessed on a regular basis to justify their continued detention. In relation to the plaintiffs’ claims that they are entitled to have their sentences reviewed in the manner required by Art.5(4) of the Convention the decision earlier referred to the judgment of Weeks v. United Kingdom [1987] 10 E.H.R. 293 is of some relevance. In that case the seventeen year old was given a discretionary life sentence because the trial judge expressly found that the accused was considered a danger to the public and that it was not possible to forecast at that time how long his instability would endure. An indeterminate life sentence was the only means available under the British sentencing machinery to achieve such objective. The court differentiated between a life sentence imposed because of the gravity of an offence from an indeterminate life sentence imposed, not because of the gravity of the offence, but because of personality traits of the prisoner which were susceptible to change. The court concluded that having regard to the basis upon which he had deprived of his liberty that he was entitled to the benefit of Art. 5(4) of the Convention in terms of the review of his detention and further went on to determine that the procedures of the Parole Board were deficient and did not meet the procedural fairness required by Art. 5(4). Much the same issues were dealt with by the European Court of Human Rights in Thynne, Wilson and Gunnelll v. The United Kingdom [1991] 13 EHRR 666 where the court reviewed U.K. domestic law and practice in relation to discretionary life sentences. As already stated such sentences were reserved for cases where the offence concerned was very grave and where it appeared that the accused was of unstable character and likely to commit offences in the future unless there was a change in their condition. The use of this type of discretionary sentence was distinguished from the practice of the English Courts when using a determinate or fixed sentence of imprisonment where the determinate sentence was fixed by reference to the gravity of the offence with an acknowledgement that the same might be remitted for good behaviour. The applicants in Thynne, Gunnell v. Wilson had all been sentenced for violent and/or sexual offences to an indeterminate life sentence stated by the trial judge to have been imposed partly as a preventive measure in view of their dangerousness to the public. At paragraph 76 of the Court’s judgment, the Court considered the applicants’ assertion, the punitive periods of their life sentences having expired, that they had a right to have their continued detention reviewed by the Court. The court observed as follows:- “Having regard to the foregoing, the Court finds that the detention of the applicants after the expiry of the punitive periods of their life sentences is comparable to that at issue in the Van Droogenbroeck and Weeks cases: the factors of mental instability and dangerousness are susceptible to change over the passage of time and new issues of lawfulness may thus arise in the course of detention. It follows that at that phase in the execution of their sentences, the applicants were entitled under Article 5(4) to take proceedings to have the lawfulness of their continued detention decided by a court at reasonable intervals and to have the lawfulness of any re-detention determined by a court.” The defendants in the present case submit that such considerations as are referred to in the above decision can have no relevance to a mandatory life sentence in Ireland which must be seen as wholly punitive in nature. The defendants assert that the plaintiffs’ claims in the present proceedings are entirely undermined by the decision in Wynne v. The United Kingdom (1995) E.H.R.R. 333. In that case the applicant was convicted of murder in 1964 and received a mandatory life sentence. Following release on life licence in 1980 he killed again, was convicted of manslaughter and received a discretionary life sentence and his life license in respect of the first murder was revoked. At that point in time the applicant was being detained both on foot of the mandatory life sentence and the new discretionary life sentence. Having served the tariff portion of the discretionary life sentence the applicant alleged a violation of Article 5(4) of the Convention claiming that he was unable to have the continued lawfulness of his detention reviewed by the court. In rejecting the applicant’s claim the Court drew a clear distinction between discretionary life sentences which were considered to have a protective purpose and the mandatory life sentence which was essentially punitive in nature. The court held that as a regards the mandatory life sentence the guarantees provided by Article 5(4) were satisfied by the original trial and conferred on him no additional right to challenge the lawfulness of his continued detention. The Court further held that to review the applicant’s detention on the basis of his discretionary life sentence for manslaughter would be devoid of purpose because of the continuance of his mandatory life sentence. The defendants in this case submit that once this court is satisfied that the life sentences imposed upon the plaintiffs in this case can be properly categorised as entirely punitive in nature, the decision in Wynne v. The United Kingdom makes the plaintiffs’ assertion that they are entitled to have their sentences reviewed under Article 5(4) of the Convention untenable. As far as the defendants are concerned given that the life sentences are entirely punitive in nature no new issues regarding the lawfulness of the plaintiffs’ continued detention arise justifying any right to a review of their continued detention utilising the rights provided for in Art. 5(4) of the Convention. Further, given that any intervention by the Parole Board or the Minister in relation to an entirely punitive sentence cannot be considered to be a sentencing exercise their intervention in this respect cannot be stated to offend the plaintiffs’ rights under Art. 5(1) of the Convention. In Wynne v. The United Kingdom the Court noted the emergence of some similarities in practice between the determinate and indeterminate life sentences insofar as sentencing practice and policy was concerned. In dealing with the domestic law in the U.K. the Court noted that Leon Britten, the then Home Secretary, had made a statement in Parliament on the 27th July, 1983, explaining his practice in relation to mandatory life prisoners wherein he emphasised that before any mandatory life prisoner would be released he would consider
(c) the pubic acceptability of the early release. The Secretary of State advised that he would only exercise his discretion if he was satisfied that in doing so he would not threaten the maintenance of public confidence in the system of criminal justice. This statement led to a submission that the theory and practice as applied to mandatory life sentences were out of tune with practice and that, in considering the potential release of the mandatory life prisoner, that the mandatory life sentence should be considered to contain both a punitive and preventative element. The court went on to hold as follows:
36. Against the above background, the Court sees no cogent reasons to depart from the finding in the Thynne, Wilson and Gunnell case that, as regards mandatory life sentences, the guarantee of Article 5(4) was satisfied by the original trial and appeal proceedings and confers no additional right to challenge the lawfulness of continuing detention or re-detention following revocation of the life licence. Accordingly, in the circumstances of the present case, there are no new issues of lawfulness which entitle the applicant to a review of his continued detention under the original mandatory life sentence.” The plaintiffs submit that the more recent decisions of the European Court of Human Rights require all life sentences for murder, be they discretionary or mandatory to be reviewed on a regular basis. They rely upon firstly the decision in Stafford v.The United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 32. In that case the applicant had been convicted of murder. Accordingly the Home Secretary set the applicant’s tariff in accordance with domestic practice of the time. Following his release on licence the applicant committed fraud and his licence was revoked. Following completion of his fraud sentence the Parole Board recommended the applicant’s release but the Home Secretary decided that the public were at risk and that the applicant would commit further fraud offences if released. By the year 2000, as result of the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights and subsequent reactionary policy and legislative changes in the UK., the power of the Home Secretary to set the tariff for life prisoners was limited to mandatory life sentences. The applicant challenged the right of the Home Secretary to fix the tariff contending that the same was a sentencing exercise which had to be carried out by a court under Art. 5(1). The applicant was successful in this objection. Further, the court carefully examined the tariff/fixing process and the role of the Home Secretary in this process over the previous decades and concluded that the position in domestic law had changed in light of the cases such as R. (Lichniak) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] 3 W.L.R., such that a mandatory life sentence could no longer be considered to be entirely punitive. The European Court of Human Rights stated:- “The court considers that it now be regarded as established in domestic law that there is no distinction between mandatory life prisoners, discretionary life prisoners and juvenile murderers as regards the nature of tariff fixing. It is a sentencing exercise. The mandatory life sentence does not impose imprisonment for life as a punishment. The tariff, which reflects the individual circumstances of the offence and the offender, represents the element of punishment. The court concludes that the finding in Wynne that the mandatory life sentence constituted punishment for life can no longer be regarded as reflecting the real position in the domestic criminal justice system of the mandatory life prisoner.” It is accepted that the decision in Stafford reflects the fact that the practice of tariff fixing had become common case, even in relation to mandatory life sentences, since the statement of Leon Britten, Home Secretary, in 1983. This being so, once the tariff period expired for any life sentence be it mandatory or discretionary the prisoner was entitled to a review by an independent body of his detention under Article 5(4). This Court accepts the defendants’ arguments that the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Stafford does little to assist the plaintiffs in their assertion that they are entitled to a review of their continued detention by an independent body. The decision in Stafford was entirely reflective of the fact that the applicant in that case had served the punitive aspect of his sentence and was being detained against the risk of dangerousness which is a concept specifically prohibited in Irish law. For the reasons set out above the Court is also not impressed that the decision in R (Anderson) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] UKHL 46 gives the plaintiffs any comfort in their assertion that they are entitled to a review of their continued detention under Article 5(4) of the European Convention or that the exercise being carried out by the Parole Board and the first named defendant offends Article 5 (1). The applicant in R (Anderson) v. Home Secretary [2002] 3 WLR 1800 instituted proceedings prior to the conclusion of the Stafford case in the European Court of Human Rights. Anderson was convicted of two murders and sentenced to mandatory life imprisonment. The trial judge advised the Secretary of State as to the period of time he felt was appropriate in respect of the retributive element of the applicant’s sentence. The Secretary of State set a longer period than that recommended by the trial judge and the claimant challenged that decision as being in breach of his rights under the Convention. The Court of Appeal dismissed the applicants claim on the ground that the European Court of Human Rights had recognised a distinction between mandatory and discretionary life sentences and the tariff fixing procedure in both instances. The applicant subsequently appealed to the House of Lords, by which time the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights had evolved. The House of Lords, made its determination against the backdrop of the finding of the European Court of Human of Rights in Stafford. In doing so, the House of Lords in keeping with its policy not to depart without good reason from the principles laid down by the European Court, held that the Secretary of State should play no part in fixing the tariff to be served by a mandatory life prisoner as this was properly a sentencing function which had to carried out by an independent and impartial Tribunal as guaranteed by Article 6(1) of the Convention. The Secretary of State, in the opinion of the court, could not be viewed as either impartial or independent of the Executive. Accordingly, the court held that s. 29 of the 1997 Crime (Sentences) Act, under which the Secretary of State had been entrusted with the aforementioned discretion, was declared incompatible with the European Convention. In Stafford the Court concluded that the position in the domestic law of the UK had changed such that there was no distinction, as set out above, in the nature of the tariff fixing exercise for either mandatory or discretionary life sentences or sentences of detention at Her Majesty’s pleasure. The fact that the decision in Anderson was different from that reached by the Court in Wynne does not, as asserted by the plaintiffs, lend authority to their submission that the European Court of Human Rights now recognises the right of all life prisoners to have their continued detention reviewed on a regular basis. Such a right only applies to those who are detained solely for reasons of dangerousness and whose retributive sentences have expired. The difference in the two aforementioned decisions is merely reflective of the fact that UK domestic law and practice in relation to the fixing of a tariff in mandatory life cases changed over the period separating the two judgments. This court accepts the defendants submission that the case law which has emerged from the House of Lords and the European Court of Human Rights is case law which has evolved in response to changes in sentencing policy and legislation in the UK over the last twenty five years. As can be seen from the case law referred to above initially only discretionary life sentences could be stated to have a retributive and preventative component. The mandatory life sentence was one deemed to be entirely retributive in nature but remained subject to executive clemency. Following the statement of Mr. Leon Britten in 1983 it became the practice that a tariff period would be fixed in all life sentences be they mandatory or discretionary to represent the retributive aspect of the crime. The matter was formalised in the Criminal Justice Act of 1991 which provided for a tariff to be fixed in respect of all life sentences albeit that at that time the tariff period could be extended by the Home Secretary over and above that recommended by the trial judge in the case of the mandatory life prisoner. The role of the Home Secretary in fixing any tariff was eventually condemned as being contrary to Article 6(1) in circumstances where the fixing of the tariff by the Home Secretary in the case of a mandatory life prisoner had to be viewed as a sentencing exercise requiring judicial rather than executive intervention. Having regard to the fact that the Irish courts preclude any sentence being imposed on the basis of preventative detention the mandatory life sentence for murder must be seen as entirely punitive. If this is so the plaintiffs’ rights under the Convention have been satisfied by their trial in accordance with Article 5(1) and they have no rights to a review by an independent body of their detention under Article 5(4) or Article 6(1). For similar reasons once the court is satisfied, as it is, that the sentences of the plaintiffs in this case are entirely punitive in nature the intervention by the Parole Board and or the first named defendant in reviewing their continued detention cannot be viewed as a sentencing exercise. This Court accordingly rejects the plaintiffs’ claim that s. 2 of the Criminal Justice act, 1990 infringes any of the rights afforded to him under the European Convention on Human Rights. The court further rejects any complaint made by the plaintiffs that the role of the Parole Board and/or the first named defendant when reviewing the continuation of a mandatory life sentence in any way contravenes the rights afforded to the plaintiffs under the European Convention. For all of the aforementioned reasons this court rejects the plaintiffs contention that s. 2 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1990 is unconstitutional or that the said legislation offends the plaintiff’s rights under the European Convention on Human Rights. |
