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THE HIGH COURT
[2018] IEHC 132
JUDICIAL REVIEW
[2017 No. 908 J.R.]
BETWEEN
M.A.M. (SOMALIA)
AND
APPLICANT
THE MINISTER FOR JUSTICE AND EQUALITY
RESPONDENT
[2017 No. 988 J.R.]
K.N. (UZBEKISTAN), E.M., F.M. (A MINOR SUING BY HER GRANDMOTHER AND NEXT FRIEND K.N.) and Y.M. (A MINOR SUING BY
HER GRANDMOTHER AND NEXT FRIEND K.N.)
APPLICANTS
AND
THE MINISTER FOR JUSTICE AND EQUALITY
RESPONDENT
[2017 No. 730 J.R.]
I.K. (GEORGIA)
AND
APPLICANT
THE MINISTER FOR JUSTICE AND EQUALITY, IRELAND AND THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, AND THE COMMISSIONER OF AN GARDA
SÍOCHÁNA
(No. 2)
RESPONDENTS
JUDGMENT of Mr. Justice Richard Humphreys delivered on the 13th day of March, 2018
1. In M.A.M. (Somalia) & Ors. v. Minister for Justice and Equality (No. 1) [2018] IEHC 113 I refused these three applications for relief
by way of judicial review. I am now dealing with costs, as well as an application by Ms. I.K. for leave to appeal.
The application for leave to appeal
2. Mr. Brian Leahy B.L for the applicant in I.K. and Ms. Sara Moorhead S.C. for the respondents are helpfully agreed as to the criteria
for leave to appeal (see Glancré Teoranta v. An Bord Pleanála [2006] IEHC 250 (Unreported, MacMenamin J., 13th November, 2006)).
I have also discussed these criteria in a number of cases including S.A. v. Minister for Justice and Equality (No. 2) [2016] IEHC 646
[2016] 11 JIC 1404 (Unreported, High Court, 14th November, 2016) para. 2, and Y.Y. v. Minister for Justice and Equality (No. 2)
[2017] IEHC 185 [2017] 3 JIC 2405 (Unreported, High Court, 24th March, 2017) at para. 72.
3. The first major difficulty for the applicant is that she was unsuccessful on four independent grounds;
(i). That the challenge was a collateral attack on a deportation order.
(ii). That it was jus tertii.
(iii). That there was no substance to her points on the merits.
(iv). That I would refuse relief on the grounds of discretion.
4. It seems to me that leave to appeal should only really normally arise where the question certified would make a difference to the
outcome. Where, in this instance, the applicant’s points of law would not result in the order being changed to one in her favour, it
seems to me that she is in some difficulty in relation to the present application.
5. The second difficulty, although perhaps less problematic than the first, is that the applicant has not identified precise questions as
such for the Court of Appeal but rather “suggested issues”. Possibly these could be reformulated as precise questions of law, but the
somewhat vague nature of the questions perhaps illustrates some of the difficulties involved for the applicant in the present
applic at ion.
The proposed issues
6. Looking at the proposed issues as if they were precisely formulated questions, the first one is whether the proceedings were out of
time. I did not in fact hold that the proceedings were out of time. The question was rather whether one can revisit previous decisions
simply because a further decision is taken predicated on the validity of that previous decision. It is well settled law that that is not an
7. The second issue is whether the applicant’s husband should have been an applicant in the judicial review application. While that is
a point of law, it does not seem to be one of exceptional public importance.
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8. The third issue is whether the decision-maker erred in the manner in which the question of the feasibility of the applicant’s husband
returning to Georgia was concerned, particularly by allegedly discounting the previous declaration of refugee status. It seems to me
that question is predicated on a false premise in the sense that the Minister did not discount the previous declaration of refugee
status. In any event, the question is very fact-specific. On these particular facts, given that the husband did return to Georgia, it
seems to me the way that situation is dealt with by the Minister was not controversial and no real question arises, certainly not one
of law anyway, under this heading.
9. The fourth suggested issue is the extent to which there is a loss of refugee status, by operation of law, on becoming a citizen. The
applicant’s submissions for leave to appeal accept that there can be a time lag between ceasing to be a refugee and the loss of a
declaration (at para. 13) and then they go on to concede at para. 16 that one ceases to be a refugee upon ceasing to meet the
definitional criteria. The State’s view in response is that “the applicant therefore appears to accept the pivotal ruling of the court at
para. 24 of the judgment and accepts that her husband is no longer a refugee” (para. 25 of the State’s submissions).
10. Insofar as the applicant in this case has raised an issue about the loss of either refugee status or the condition of ceasing to be a
refugee upon acquiring Irish nationality, it seems to me that not only is this a very simple point but on examination it is a point
without any substance whatsoever. There is a unanimity of opinion, Irish, in the U.K., at European level, and internationally, as to the
position, and there is no doubt that needs to be resolved by recourse to the appellate courts. The mere fact that this point affects a
lot of people does not make it a point about which there is any doubt once one actually looks into it.
11. The fifth suggested issue is my comment that there was no need to interpret the qualification directive (Directive 2004/83/EC of
29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as
persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted) as being more extensive than the
Geneva Convention. The applicant seizing on that comment is probably characteristic of a scramble by applicants when looking for
points for appeal to seize on any language in a judgment that can be regarded as of a general nature, and it seems to me the
comment has been somewhat inflated by the applicants. The context of that comment was that there was no reason to interpret the
qualification directive as being more extensive than the Geneva Convention unless the text otherwise clearly required, which it does
not do here, and the comment is no more controversial than that. Again, no overarching point of law arises, as suggested by the
applic ant .
12. The sixth point is that the Minister, on the analysis in the substantive judgment, failed to conduct a pointless exercise of revoking
the declaration of refugee status of the applicant’s husband. I did not accept that there was an obligation to expressly revoke the
declaration. The cessation of that declaration seems to be a necessary consequence of the applicant’s husband ceasing to be a
refugee and it does not seem that there could be anything that could be said by him or on his behalf to the contrary, so even with
the benefit of the submissions on leave to appeal it is very hard to see how that can be anything other than a pointless exercise or
how any question to the contrary could arise.
13. The seventh suggested issue is an allegation that the exercise of discretion against the applicant was inappropriate and that relief
should not have been refused on that ground. That seems to me to be a relatively fact-specific complaint. It is well established that
judicial review is a discretionary remedy (see the judgment of Lord Carnwath in Youssef v. Secretary of State for Foreign and
(Unreported, High Court, 21st October, 2015)). The Supreme Court in Smith v. Minister for Justice and Equality [2013] IESC 4 [2013] 1 I.R. 294
per Clarke J. (as he then was) at para. 6.1 referred to a range of factors that are appropriate in the discretionary context
and it is certainly not a mechanical rule; nor is the substantive judgment suggesting that it is, and nor is the judgment setting the bar
at an unreasonably low level, as suggested by the applicant. In terms of the range of factors, the applicant relies on a number of
authorities which deal with what seem to me to be relatively different situations. I can endeavour to summarise some of the relevant
factors as follows.
(i). The misconduct at issue here is not to be equated with, for example, the context of a criminal matter where relief is
[1957] I.R. 227, The State (Gleeson) v. Minister for Defence [1976] I.R. 280)).
(ii). It is certainly the case that mere procedural unreasonableness is not a major factor for the purposes of discretion
(see Carr v. Minister for Education [2000] IESC 73 [2001] 2 I.L.R.M. 272). That is not the sort of conduct at issue here.)
(iii). Likewise, where the judicial review concerns an investigation or a prosecution in relation to underlying alleged criminal
or unlawful behaviour, that underlying behaviour is not a reason to decline judicial review on discretionary grounds if there
has been a breach of fair procedures in the course of the investigation, prosecution or trial (see Gama Construction v.
is not a case where the applicant’s underlying conduct is being held against her as a reason to overlook a flaw into the
investigation of that conduct.)
(iv). Furthermore, the objective interests of third parties such as children could be a factor militating against discretion,
although again that could hardly be said to be automatically decisive, irrespective of all other situations (see Sivsivadze v.
limited relevance here.
14. However, while these situations are all well and good insofar as they go, it seems to me that Hogan and Morgan in their textbook
Administrative Law in Ireland, 4th edn. (Dublin, 2010) at p. 867 go, I think, too far when they say that the discretionary nature of
judicial review is “exercised sparingly”. It seems to me it very much depends what sort of conduct we are talking about. Here I
identified a number of matters:
(i). Firstly, the fact that the applicant, by evasion, frustrated the operation of the statutory scheme itself, under which
the decision she now challenges was made (see by analogy Clark J. in O.S.D. v. Minister for Justice and Equality
[2010] IEHC 390 (Unreported, Clark J., 30th July, 2010).
(ii). Secondly, that she misled the Minister (see O.S.D. v. Minister for Justice and Equality and R.C. v. Refugee
Applications Commissioner [2010] IEHC 490 (Unreported, Clark J., 15th July, 2010).
(iii). Thirdly and relatedly, she misled the court, given the significant omission from her affidavit (see comments of Finlay
Geoghegan J. in Dimbo v. Minister for Justice Equality and Law Reform [2006] IEHC 344 (Unreported, High Court, 14th
November, 2006).
Page 3 ⇓
(iv). And fourthly, that she frustrated the operation of a related scheme, in this instance not the deportation system
itself but the requirement to give full particulars of any previous marriages for the purpose of the Civil Registration Act
2004.
(v). Finally, pointlessness is also a potential factor in relation to discretion, as noted by Clarke J. in Smith, and I did refer
to that aspect in the substantive judgment.
15. So it seems to me there are no cast-iron rules in relation to discretion. It must be approached on a case-by-case basis, having
regard to the principles established in the case law. Factors going to discretion clearly lie on a spectrum; from those that should not
enter into the picture at all, such as the underlying misconduct that is being investigated if the challenge is to an investigation, on to
those where it may have some but perhaps not great weight, such as for example the technical breach of immigration law in the case
of a person who fails to leave the State by the time specified in a deportation order but who nonetheless wishes to in a timely manner
challenge the order, right up to the matters that can and do have legitimate significant weight, such as frustrating the operation of
the scheme that is itself under challenge, misleading the decision-maker under that scheme and misleading the court. It seems to me
this case is very much on the upper end of that spectrum. So the most that Mr. Leahy can say is that I misapplied the law in relation
to discretion; but the case-specific misapplication of established law on any particular subject is not a ground for leave to appeal.
Order in relation to leave to appeal
16. So it seems to me that in all those circumstances no point of law of exceptional public importance coming within the terms of s. 5
of the Illegal Immigrants (Trafficking) Act 2000 has been made out, and it seems to me in the light of the multiple reasons why I
refused relief that the public interest test would not be satisfied either. The order will be that the application for leave to appeal will
be refused.
Costs
17. I am now turning to costs in relation to these three matters. I have heard helpful submissions on this matter from Ms. Rosario
Boyle S.C. (in K.N.), Mr. Colm O’Dwyer S.C. (in M.A.M.) and Mr. Brian Leahy B.L. (in I.K.) for the respective applicants, and Ms. Sara
Moorhead S.C. for the respondents.
18. The general rule is that costs follow the event, save in exceptional circumstances (Dunne v. Minister for the Environment
19. The first point made is that these are test cases within the meaning of the decision of Clarke J. (as he then was) in Cork County
ambiguous or problematic. In fact, on the contrary, the legislation is very clear and as I have pointed out in the decision refusing
leave to appeal that there is a unanimity of opinion, both Irish and internationally, in relation to the automatic ceasing of a person to
be a refugee on acquiring nationality of the host State. So therefore it seems to me that there is no analogy with Shackleton as
Barton J., 7th April, 2017). The mere fact that the case is a lead case for the purposes of a group of subsequent cases does not
make a case a test case within the Shackleton doctrine. Given the simplicity of the point ultimately arrived at, it seems to me that
this is not a case in the category of novel or important constitutional issues, or obscure areas of law, as discussed in Collins v.
Minister for Finance [2014] IEHC 79 (Unreported, High Court, 27th February, 2014).
20. Ms. Boyle somewhat adventurously submits that “a literal interpretation supports the applicants’ case” but in the substantive
judgment I held that this was not so. Perhaps the applicant’s best point is that the State, for a period of time, took an incorrect
approach, but that was since reversed and it seems to me that the fact that the Minister received and acted upon incorrect legal
advice for a period of time does not create an ongoing liability on the part of the Minister to pay the costs of applicants who wish to
pursue that incorrect legal position following its correction on behalf of the Minister.
21. So while it is true that there may well be a number of other cases (Ms. Boyle estimates around 40) where the judgment in this
case is determinative, that in itself is not an automatic or decisive factor to depart from the general rule (see para. 8 of O’Keeffe v.
Hickey). Nor is it particularly relevant that the applicants are not persons of means as opposed to property developers, as in
Shackleton, as suggested by Ms. Boyle.
22. Another point was made to the effect that the proceedings in K.N. where in some sense chosen by the court to be part of this
trio of cases, but that is not a correct description of how matters came to this particular point. The proceedings in I.K. where listed in
any event, and when it became clear that the main question in that case was going to affect other cases relating to family
reunification, I invited interested parties to make their interest known in terms of being heard with the I.K. proceedings and in that
sense the applicants in M.A.M. and K.N. where volunteers for the purposes of the present hearing. As there was an oversubscription
of such volunteers I had to determine which particular cases would be added to the mix.
Order in relation to costs
23. There being insufficient grounds to depart from the default position, I will dismiss the applicant’s application for costs in I.K. and
K.N. and in those cases award costs to the respondents, to be taxed in default of agreement. In M.A.M. there is a slightly different
element in the sense that the applicant only discovered on receipt of the State’s written submissions that s. 47(9) of the
International Protection Act 2015 was not being applied, which had previously been suggested. So it seems to me that the
appropriate order in that case would be to acknowledge that the State’s previous representations had encouraged the applicant to
challenge the application of s. 47(9) which amounted to approximately half of the applicant’s points, so balancing costs that the
applicant might be entitled to under that heading against the costs that the respondents would be entitled to in relation to the
unsuccessful points, it seems to me that I should make no order as to costs up to the date of delivery of the State’s written legal
submissions, but the respondent will be entitled to the costs of the substantive hearing and subsequent applications, again to be
taxed in default of agreement.
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