Smith v Copeland [2020] IEHC 42 (04 February 2020)

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IN THE MATTER OF AN APPEAL PURSUANT TO SECTION 28 OF THE EQUAL STATUS ACT

JUDGMENT of Mr Justice Garrett Simons delivered on 4 February 2020

1. This matter comes before the High Court by way of an appeal from the Circuit Court. The

procedural history will be set out in more detail under the next heading below. For

introductory purposes, it is sufficient to note that the appeal arises out of a complaint of

discrimination which the Appellant had made to the Workplace Relations Commission.

The complaint arose out of an email exchange between the Appellant and the Respondent

in respect of a proposed short-term letting of a residential property. The Appellant

contends that he was unlawfully discriminated against (i) on the grounds that he

proposed to rely on a housing assistance payment to pay for the proposed letting, and (ii)

on the grounds of race. Both the Workplace Relations Commission and the Circuit Court

have dismissed this complaint on the basis that the Appellant had no real intention of

2. The Appellant now seeks to appeal the decision of the Circuit Court to the High Court.

Under the relevant legislation, the appeal to the High Court is confined to an appeal on a

point of law only. It is necessary to emphasise this from the outset of this judgment in

circumstances where the appeal, as formulated, seeks to set aside the findings of fact of

the Circuit Court. As explained presently, the High Court only has a very limited

jurisdiction to review findings of fact on an appeal on a point of law.

3. The Appellant made a complaint to the Workplace Relations Commission in respect of an

incident of alleged discrimination in connection with the provision of residential

accommodation. The discrimination is said to have occurred on 16 February 2017 when

the Respondent declined to make a short-term letting of residential premises (“the

Premises”) to the Appellant. The letting was to be for a period of six to eight weeks only,

pending the completion of a sale of the Premises to a third party.

4. The principal complaint made is that the Respondent allegedly discriminated against the

Appellant by reference to two prohibited grounds as follows: (i) the Appellant intended to

pay the rent for the proposed short-term letting by way of a housing assistance payment,

and (ii) the Appellant’s race. (The Appellant is an Irish citizen, and describes his racial or

5. The Respondent has explained that the Premises had been owned by him and his sister.

The Premises had been put up for sale in December 2016, and, as of February 2017, it

was anticipated that a sale of the Premises would be agreed within a short period

thereafter. The Respondent decided to offer a short-term letting of the Premises for a

period of between six weeks and eight weeks pending the completion of the anticipated

sale. The property was advertised on the website “Daft.ie” on 14 February 2017. On 16

February 2017, there was an exchange of emails as between the Appellant and the

Respondent. In brief, the Appellant indicated that he would be relying upon a housing

assistance payment (“HAP”) to pay the rent. The Respondent indicated that he did not

want to “get into” a social welfare scheme for a six-week lease, saying that it would be

Acknowledging your frank response but Refusing to accept tenants because of rent

allowance is now illegal: As of the 1st January 2016, the Equality (Miscellaneous

Provisions) Act 2015 has introduced ‘housing assistance’ as a new discriminatory

ground. This means that people in receipt of rent supplement, housing assistance

payments or other social welfare payments can no longer be discriminated against

in relation to the provision of accommodation or related services or amenities.

“Your tone has no (sic) become threatening – your emails will now be blocked.”

“Please what is your racial or ethnic origin? Mine is Yoruba.”

9. The Appellant’s complaint was referred to a Workplace Relations Commission Adjudication

Officer. An oral hearing was held on 10 August 2017. The Adjudication Officer made a

written decision on the matter on 3 November 2017. The Findings and Conclusions are

“The complainant stated that the local authority would pay the rent and the deposit

directly to the Landlord. That is factually incorrect. As is set out on the HAP

‘If your landlord requires a deposit, you will have to pay this yourself – the

local authority will not pay it for you. In some circumstances, you may be

eligible to apply for assistance from the Department of Social Protection to

The complainant also stated that he wanted to move out of his current

accommodation into the respondent’s apartment albeit only for a six week period.

However, those in receipt of HAP are required, save in certain specific

circumstances to remain in the property for a period of two years.

‘You will be expected to stay in your HAP accommodation for at least 2 years,

but in some situations you may be able to apply for a new HAP payment

elsewhere – for example, if you are offered a job in another town or if your

family grows too large for the property. You will need to contact your local

The complainant was guarded when asked why he was moving from his current

accommodation. No evidence was adduced that he had to move due to termination

of his current tenancy or anything of that nature. He simply said he wanted to

move for personal reasons. The complainant was living in Balbriggan at the

material time. He has three children. It is simply not credible, particularly in

circumstances were the HAP was not applicable, that he wanted to move out of his

home and move his children out of their school, to set up a home in Cherrywood in

Dublin 18 for a six week period, when he could stay in the accommodation he was

renting in Balbriggan with the assistance of the HAP and with no disruption for his

In circumstances where this six week lease did not meet the requirements for the

HAP, no evidence was adduced in relation to the complainant having the deposit

available and in the absence of any credible explanation as to why he wanted to

move out of his current HAP applicable accommodation in Balbriggan to the other

side of the city, I find that the complainant had no real intention of renting the

respondent’s accommodation. It is on that basis that I find that the Complainant

was not in fact availing of a service within the meaning of the Equal Status Acts and

that his complaint is contrived and disingenuous. In relation to the provision of

services, Section 6 (1) ‘A person shall not discriminate in— (c) providing

accommodation or any services or amenities related to accommodation or ceasing

to provide accommodation or any such services or amenities’. In circumstances

where the complainant had no intention of availing of the service, the subject

matter of his complaint, he cannot rely on that provision of the Act.

No evidence was adduced in relation to the complainant’s ‘race’ claim.

In relation to the complainant’s harassment claim, he stated that the emailed which

stated ‘Your tone has now become threatening – your emails will now be blocked’

he considered to be harassment. No further evidence was adduced in relation to

the matter. It is on that basis that I find that the complainant is not well founded.”

10. The Appellant then exercised his right of appeal to the Circuit Court. This appeal was

heard by the Circuit Court (His Honour Judge O’Sullivan) on 5 July 2018. Having heard

evidence from both sides, the Circuit Court made a finding of fact that the Appellant had

no genuine intention of availing of the short-term letting, and that the complaint was a

11. The Appellant next instituted the within appeal to the High Court. The appeal had been

brought outside time, but by order of the High Court (O’Hanlon J.) dated 21 January

2019, the time for serving and lodging a notice of appeal had been extended.

12. The appeal from the Workplace Relations Commission to the Circuit Court had been

brought pursuant to section 28 of the Equal Status Act 2000 (as amended). That section

Not later than 42 days from the date of a decision of the Director of the

Workplace Relations Commission under section 25, the complainant or

respondent involved in the claim may appeal against the decision to the Circuit

In its determination of the appeal, the Circuit Court may provide for any redress

for which provision could have been made by the decision appealed against

(substituting the discretion of the Circuit Court for the discretion of the Director

(3) No further appeal lies, other than an appeal to the High Court on a point of law.

13. As appears from the foregoing, an appeal to the High Court is on a point of law only. This

is to be contrasted with the appeal from the Workplace Relations Commission to the

Circuit Court. That (first) appeal is in the form of a rehearing. In the present case, this

involved the Appellant giving oral evidence to the Circuit Court, and being cross-

14. The function of the High Court under section 28(3) is very different. The interpretation of

section 28(3), and, in particular, the limitations of an appeal on a point of law have been

considered in detail by the Supreme Court in Stokes v. Christian Brothers High School

Clonmel [2015] IESC 13; [2015] 2 I.R. 509, [83] and [84] as follows.

On the other hand, there are important features of s. 28(3) of the Act of 2000

which need to be considered. The first is that it is clear that the subsection is

intended to permit only a limited form of appeal. The appeal is one ‘on a point

of law’. That is terminology which has been used to limit many forms of

statutory appeal to, and within, the courts. For instance, s. 42(1) of the

Freedom of Information Act 1997 provides for an appeal on a point of law to the

High Court by a person affected by a decision of the Information Commissioner

following a review under s. 34 of the Act of 1997; and s. 123(3) of the

Residential Tenancies Act 2004 provides for an appeal on a point of law to the

High Court by any of the parties in respect of a determination of a tribunal of

the Private Residential Tenancies Board. The principles applicable to the scope

of such appeals have been summarised by McKechnie J. in Deely v. Information

Commissioner [2001] 3 IR 439, which concerned an appeal under s. 42 of the

‘There is no doubt but that when a court is considering only a point of law,

whether by way of a restricted appeal or via a case stated, the distinction in

my view being irrelevant, it is, in accordance with established principles,

it cannot set aside findings of primary fact unless there is no evidence

it ought not to set aside inferences drawn from such facts unless such

inferences were ones which no reasonable decision making body could

it can however, reverse such inferences, if the same were based on the

interpretation of documents and should do so if incorrect; and finally;

if the conclusion reached by such bodies shows that they have taken

an erroneous view of the law, then that also is a ground for setting

[84] Thus, at least part of the purpose of subs. (3) must be designed to define the type

of appeal which can be pursued to the High Court. In that context, it might be

argued that the phrase ‘no further appeal’ is simply designed to limit the scope of

appeal to the High Court rather than to preclude what would otherwise be a

15. These principles have been more recently affirmed by the Supreme Court in Cahill v. The

Minister for Education and Science [2017] IESC 29; [2018] 2 I.R. 417 at [58] and [109].

16. The proper procedure for making an appeal to the High Court pursuant to a statutory

appeal on a point of law is prescribed under Order 84C of the Rules of the Superior

Courts. The appeal is to be made by way of originating notice of motion. Crucially, the

notice of motion must state concisely the point of law on which the appeal is made. See

(3) Where the relevant enactment provides only for appeal to the High Court on a point

of law, the notice of motion shall state concisely the point of law on which the

17. The appeal in the present case does not comply with these requirements. Instead of

issuing an originating notice of motion pursuant to Order 84C, the Appellant instead

issued a notice of motion in general terms on 25 July 2018. This motion was, in effect,

treated as an application for an extension of time. Thereafter, following the order of the

High Court on 21 January 2019 extending time, a second notice of motion was issued

dated 4 February 2019. Neither of the two notices of motion identifies the point(s) of law

18. The form of appeal is irregular and, strictly speaking, the failure to comply with the

requirements of Order 84C would, in and of itself, be good reason to dismiss the appeal in

its entirety. In circumstances, however, where the Appellant is a litigant in person, I

have taken the unusual step of addressing the substance of his appeal in any event

notwithstanding the fact that the appeal is procedurally irregular.

19. Section 38A of the Equal Status Act (as amended by section 64 of the Equality Act 2004)

38A.—(1) Where in any proceedings facts are established by or on behalf of a person from

which it may be presumed that prohibited conduct has occurred in relation to him

(2) This section is without prejudice to any other enactment or rule of law in relation to

the burden of proof in any proceedings which may be more favourable to the

(3) Where, in any proceedings arising from a reference of a matter by the Authority to

the Director of the Workplace Relations Commission under section 23(1), facts are

established by or on behalf of the Authority from which it may be presumed that

prohibited conduct or a contravention mentioned in that provision has occurred, it

20. Section 38A is intended to give effect to inter alia the requirements of Directive

2000/43/EC implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective

of racial or ethnic origin (“the Racial Equality Directive”).

21. Recital 21 of the Racial Equality Directive reads as follows.

(21) The rules on the burden of proof must be adapted when there is a prima facie case

of discrimination and, for the principle of equal treatment to be applied effectively,

the burden of proof must shift back to the respondent when evidence of such

22. Article 8 of the Racial Equality Directive reads as follows.

1. Member States shall take such measures as are necessary, in accordance

with their national judicial systems, to ensure that, when persons who

consider themselves wronged because the principle of equal treatment has

not been applied to them establish, before a court or other competent

authority, facts from which it may be presumed that there has been direct or

indirect discrimination, it shall be for the respondent to prove that there has

2. Paragraph 1 shall not prevent Member States from introducing rules of

4. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall also apply to any proceedings brought in

5. Member States need not apply paragraph 1 to proceedings in which it is for

the court or competent body to investigate the facts of the case.

23. Similar provisions in relation to the burden of proof are to be found under two related EU

Directives which govern employment equality, namely Directive 2000/78/EC and Directive

2006/54/EC. The interpretation of these latter provisions has been considered in a

number of judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”). The

essence of these judgments has been summarised as follows by Advocate General

“It is also apparent from the overall scheme of those provisions that the choice made by

the legislature was clearly that of maintaining a balance between the victim of

discrimination and the employer, when the latter is the source of the discrimination.

Indeed, with regard to the burden of proof, those three directives opted for a

mechanism making it possible to lighten, though not remove, that burden on the

victim. In other words, as the Court has already held in its judgment in Kelly, (13)

the mechanism consists of two stages. First of all, the victim must sufficiently

establish the facts from which it may be presumed that there has been

discrimination. In other words, the victim must establish a prima facie case of

discrimination. Next, if that presumption is established, the burden of proof

thereafter lies on the defendant. Central to the provisions referred to in the first

question referred for a preliminary ruling is therefore the burden of proof that,

although somewhat reduced, nevertheless falls on the victim. A measure of

balance is therefore maintained, enabling the victim to claim his right to equal

treatment but preventing proceedings from being brought against the defendant

24. The Appellant alleges a breach of Section 6 of the Equal Status Act 2000 (as amended).

amenities related to accommodation or ceasing to provide accommodation or

25. As appears, the section provides inter alia that a person shall not discriminate in providing

accommodation. The concept of discrimination in this context bears an extended

meaning as a result of section 3(3B) of the Equal Status Act 2000 as follows.

(3B) For the purposes of section 6(1)(c), the discriminatory grounds shall (in addition to

the grounds specified in subsection (2)) include the ground that as between any

two persons, that one is in receipt of rent supplement (within the meaning of

section 6(8)), housing assistance (construed in accordance with Part 4 of the

Housing (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2014) or any payment under the Social

Welfare Acts and the other is not (the ‘housing assistance ground’).

26. The effect of these provisions is that, subject to certain statutory exceptions, it is unlawful

to discriminate against a prospective tenant on the ground that he or she is in receipt of

27. Both the Workplace Relations Commission, and the Circuit Court on appeal, had dismissed

the Appellant’s complaint on the narrow factual ground that he did not have a bona fide

intention to avail of the “service” at issue, namely the short-term letting of the Premises.

28. The Circuit Court accepted, in principle, that had there been a bona fide or genuine intent

to secure accommodation, then the prohibition on discrimination on the “housing

assistance ground” (as defined) would apply. The Circuit Court dismissed the complaint

on the basis that the Appellant was not, in fact, seeking to avail of a “service” under

section 6 (above). The Circuit Court attached weight to the fact that the Appellant was

unable to produce written evidence to the effect that a housing assistance payment would

be made in respect of a six week letting. The only written material properly before the

Circuit Court in respect of eligibility refers to a normal period of two years.

29. The Appellant had sought to rely on a letter from Dublin City Council dated 3 March 2017.

This letter indicates that the Appellant is eligible for the housing assistance payment. It is

to be noted that the letter postdates the email exchange of 16 February 2017 by a

number of weeks. By definition, the letter is not one which could have been seen by the

30. (As an aside, it is to be noted that the letter does not address the question of a short-

term letting at all. The letter expressly refers to the fact that the deposit and two

months’ rent in advance will be paid on receipt of a complete HAP application. This

language appears to be more consistent with the standard two year letting, rather than a

31. The Circuit Court judge ruled that the letter of 3 March 2017 was inadmissible as

documentary hearsay, and that if the Appellant had wished to establish that Dublin City

Council would have provided housing assistance payments in respect of a short-term

letting of six to eight weeks, then the Appellant should have called a witness from Dublin

32. Having found, as a matter of fact, that the Appellant did not have a bona fide intention to

avail of the “service” at issue, it was then unnecessary for the Circuit Court to address

any argument as to the interpretation and application of these statutory provisions in the

context of a short-term letting. The decision of the Circuit Court did not involve the

33. The Appellant has filed a notice of motion and a very detailed affidavit dated 24 July 2018

setting out his various grounds of appeal. The Appellant read out his affidavit at the

hearing before me. Having carefully considered the content of same, I am unable to

identify any “point of law” which is amenable to appeal under section 28(3) of the Equal

34. The Appellant is dissatisfied with the findings of fact made by the Circuit Court. The High

Court does not, however, have jurisdiction under section 28(3) of the Equality Act 2000

(as amended) to entertain an appeal on the merits nor to overturn the findings of fact

made by the Circuit Court, save in the limited circumstances identified by the Supreme

35. The structure of the legislative scheme is that the parties to a complaint are provided with

two full hearings in relation to same, namely before the Workplace Relations Commission

and the Circuit Court. Thereafter, there is a second appeal to the High Court on a point of

law only. The existence of this second appeal allows for the possibility of an error of law

to be corrected by the High Court. Any judgment of the High Court will then serve as a

36. In the present case, no point of law emerges from the decision of 5 July 2018 precisely

because the Circuit Court determined the appeal on a finding of fact, namely that the

Appellant did not have a bona fide intention to avail of the “service” at issue, i.e. the

37. Applying the principles governing an appeal on a point of law, as set out by the Supreme

Court in Stokes v. Christian Brothers High School Clonmel, I am satisfied that there is no

basis for saying that the findings of fact made by the Circuit Court were unsupported by

evidence, unreasonable or based on an incorrect interpretation of documents.

38. The findings of the Circuit Court turn, to a very large extent, on the credibility of the

Appellant as a witness. The Circuit Court judge had the benefit of hearing oral evidence

from the Appellant. The Appellant declined to explain why it was that he wished to move

himself and his children from their existing long-term rented accommodation into short-

term accommodation in a different part of the city (Balbriggan to Cherrywood). The

Appellant insists that he is entitled to privacy, and that he does not have to disclose this

information. No witnesses from Dublin City Council were called to substantiate his claim

that he would be granted housing assistance payment for a short-term letting of some six

39. The Circuit Court, as with any other court, can only act on the basis of the evidence

before it. The burden of proof to establish a prima facie case of discrimination lies with

the Appellant as complainant. See section 38A of the Equality Act 2000 (as amended),

40. It was open to the Circuit Court to find, on the basis of the very limited evidence adduced

by the Appellant, that the Appellant had failed to establish a bona fide intention to avail of

a “service” for the purposes of section 6 of the Equal Status Act 2000 (as amended).

41. For the reasons set out above, I have concluded that the decision of the Circuit Court of 5

July 2018 does not disclose any error on a point of law for the purposes of section 28(3)

of the Equal Status Act 2000 (as amended). In reaching this conclusion, I have applied

the principles identified by the Supreme Court in Stokes v. Christian Brothers High School

42. The appeal is, accordingly, dismissed.

Result: Appeal on point of law from Circuit Court dismissed.

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