Turner v The Curragh Racecourse & Ors [2020] IEHC 76 (21 February 2020)

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JUDGMENT of Mr Justice David Keane delivered on the 21st February 2020

1. Shortly after 9 a.m. on the morning of Saturday, 6 September 2014, an unusual, if not

unprecedented, accident occurred at the Maddenstown Gallops (‘the gallops’) on the

Curragh plain in Kildare, when the plaintiff, Gary Turner, who was out for a run, collided

with a galloping racehorse that was being ridden by a jockey there.

2. The first and second defendants, The Curragh Racecourse and Curragh Racecourse

Hospitality Limited respectively, are the corporate entities that manage the various

gallops on the Curragh and operate the nearby Curragh Racecourse. In this judgment, I

will refer to those two companies collectively as ‘Curragh Racecourse’. It is common

case that Curragh Racecourse has assumed the rights, interests and obligations of the

trustees of the Turf Club under an indenture with the Minister for Defence (‘the Minister’)

of 10 September 1968 (‘the licence of 1968’), whereby the Minister licensed the trustees

to use certain lands on the Curragh as grass gallops. In turn, Curragh Racecourse now

licences racehorse trainers to use those gallops for training purposes.

3. By s. 2 of the Curragh of Kildare Act 1961 (‘the Act of 1961’), the lands of the Curragh

plain were vested in the Minister, subject to any existing interests in those lands and to

the existing rights of way, rights to pasture for sheep (as rights of commonage) and other

rights affecting them specified in the Curragh of Kildare Act 1870 (‘the Act of 1870’).

4. The Minister’s control of the Curragh lands is the result of the presence there of the

Curragh Military Camp, which, together with the military camp at Aldershot in Hampshire,

England, was first established in response to the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854.

Over 30,000 Irishmen served in the British army during that war. Concern about the

effect of the establishment of a permanent military camp on the continued enjoyment of

existing rights and interests in the use of the Curragh lands led to the establishment of a

commission of inquiry in 1866 and to the subsequent passage of the Curragh of Kildare

Act 1868 (‘the Act of 1868’). Among the purposes of that Act, as explained in one of its

recitals, was ‘preserving the Use of the Curragh for the Purpose of Horse Racing and the

Training of Race Horses.’ According to the entry on the Curragh in the 1911 edition of the

Encyclopaedia Britannica: ‘The word cuirrech, cognate with the Latin cursus, signifies a

race-course, and chariot-races are spoken of as taking place on the Curragh as early as

the 1st century A.D.’ It is thus evident that from time immemorial the Curragh has been

recognised as a centre, if not the centre, of horseracing activity on this island and that its

status as such has been the subject of express statutory recognition for over 150 years.

5. The third defendant Tracey Collins is a racehorse trainer. The fourth defendant Sheena

Collins is a sister of Tracey Collins. At the material time, Tracey Collins was the trainer of

the three horses that were involved in the accident that is the subject of these

6. The Act of 1868 gave statutory recognition to the already extant, common law office of

Ranger of the Curragh, and created the additional office of Deputy Ranger. As the title of

the office implies, the Ranger’s role was the preservation and management of the Curragh

plain. The Ranger was given the power to appoint two bailiffs to assist the Deputy Ranger.

Separately, the Act of 1868 created three Curragh Commissioners to inquire into,

amongst other matters: first, what rights to pasture sheep (by way of commonage),

rights of way or other rights existed over the Curragh; second, what persons were the

beneficiaries of any such rights, for what period and over what lands; and third, what

compensation should be given to any party whose rights were, or may be, injuriously

affected by the Act’s stipulation that the Minister for War was to have exclusive use of the

Curragh Camp, use and control of the Curragh rifle range, and use of the remaining

Curragh lands whenever necessary for military purposes. Subject to that stipulation, all

rights to pasture sheep, rights of way and other existing rights over the Curragh lands

were to continue, as though the Act of 1868 had not been passed. In a series of

provisions that remain unrepealed, The Curragh of Kildare Act 1870 (‘the Act of 1870’)

gave statutory recognition to the relevant awards and findings of the Curragh

Commissioners and introduced a further stipulation that no animals other than sheep may

7. The office of the Ranger was effectively abolished when the Act of 1961 repealed the Act

of 1868 in its entirety. However, the Curragh Bye-Laws 1964 (‘the Bye-laws’), made by

the Minister in exercise of the powers conferred on him by s. 16 of the Act of 1961,

created the roles of ‘Head Bailiff’ and ‘Under Bailiff’ as employees of the Minister to carry

out various duties in relation to the preservation and management of the Curragh plain.

To that end, the Head Bailiff was given certain express powers under the Bye-laws.

Subsequently, under s. 1 of the Curragh of Kildare Act 1969 (‘the Act of 1969’), the

person conferred with the powers, and charged with the duties, of the Head Bailiff

became known as the Maor and the Under Bailiff became known as the Fomhair. The

functions of those persons under the Act of 1969 and the 1964 Bye-laws, as amended,

principally involve the regulation of the exercise of sheep-grazing rights and the

enforcement of the restriction on keeping or grazing other animals on the Curragh lands.

8. Under the licence of 1968, the Minister granted the trustees (for present purposes,

Curragh Racecourse) licence and authority to use certain identified Curragh lands,

including the gallops, as grass gallops for horse training purposes, with the right to pass

and repass at all times over the remainder of the Curragh lands (apart from the military

camp and rifle range) in order to do so, but excepting and reserving all existing rights to

pasture sheep (by way of commonage), rights of way and other rights, including the

rights of the Minister, over all of those lands. In return, Curragh Racecourse covenanted

(iii) Not to enclose [the lands the subject of the licence, including the gallops] or any

(iv) Not to erect any building or permanent structure of any type on [the lands the

subject of the licence, including the gallops] or any portion thereof.

(v) Not to erect any fences hurdles starting gates or other structures on [the premises

the subject of the licence, including the gallops] or in any other part of the Curragh

other than [the racecourse and surrounding lands, which do not include the gallops]

(ix) To indemnify and keep indemnified the Minister his successors and assigns against

all claims expenses demands or proceeding whatsoever in respect of accident or

injury to persons or animals or damage to property arising out of the exercise of

the Licence hereby granted or out of rights of common pasture or otherwise

9. In the personal injuries summons that issued on his behalf on 2 March 2016, Mr Turner

claims that his collision with a racehorse was caused by the negligence and breach of duty

of the defendants, so that they are liable to compensate him in damages to for the

10. Mr Turner pleads that Curragh Racecourse was negligent or in breach of its duty to him

in: permitting racehorses to gallop on that part of the Curragh lands; failing to protect

him from galloping horses at that place; failing to warn him of the presence of galloping

horses there; failing to provide a barrier to his entry onto the gallops; and breaching its

obligations to him under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1995 and the Safety, Health and

11. Mr Turner pleads that, as racehorse trainers, the Collins sisters were negligent or in

breach of their duty to him in: permitting racehorses to gallop at the gallops; failing to

keep an adequate lookout for persons such as Mr Tuner coming on to the gallops while

racehorses were exercising there; failing to have the galloping racehorses take evasive

action; failing to warn Mr Turner of the galloping horses’ approach; and breaching their

obligations to Mr Turner under the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Acts.

12. In its defence, delivered on 24 August 2016, Curragh Racecourse admits that the accident

occurred but denies negligence. Further, or in the alternative, Curragh Racecourse pleads

that the accident was caused in whole or in part by Mr Turner’s own negligence in:

running into the path of the galloping racehorses; failing to keep a proper lookout; failing

to stop or change course; failing to heed shouted warnings; and playing music on

headphones that prevented him from hearing either the sound of the approaching horses

13. In their defence, delivered on 16 December 2016, the Collins sisters place Mr Turner on

strict proof of every aspect of his claim, before pleading that Mr Turner’s accident was

caused, or contributed to, by his own negligence in; disobeying warnings or prohibitory

notices against going on to the gallops at that time; trespassing on the gallops; failing to

draw on the local knowledge that he had or ought to have had of the use of the gallops by

racehorses; failing to keep a proper lookout; causing the collision by running into the path

of the galloping racehorses; wearing headphones and playing music on them while

running across the gallops in a manner that prevented him from hearing the approach of

the racehorses or the shouted warnings of their approach; continuing to run while

unsighted by the low level of the sun in the sky or failing to take the appropriate steps to

avoid being unsighted in that way while running; causing an emergency by running into

the path of the galloping horses; and failing to stop before colliding with them. The

Collins sisters also expressly plead that Sheena Collins was an employee of Tracey Collins

and not a racehorse trainer in her own right, so that she can have no possible liability in

14. Mr Turner, a transport manager with his own company, was 46 years old when the

accident happened. At all material times, he has lived in Newbridge, just half a mile - by

his estimate - from the townland of Athgarvan at the eastern edge of the Curragh. He

runs to keep fit and has participated in organised 10km events. For approximately eight

years prior to the accident, he had been running on the Curragh three or four times a

week. He invariably took one of two routes; a long and a short run. Only the long run

15. On the Saturday morning when the accident occurred, Mr Turner was not working and

had decided to go for a run. He drove from his home in Newbridge to the carpark of

Athgarvan National School and set off on his run from there. It was a sunny morning. He

ran westwards initially, along a route south of the M7 motorway and north of the Curragh

Camp. He was wearing earphones, through which he was listening to music. Before

reaching the western edge of the Curragh, he turned left and continued in a south

westerly direction parallel with the metal palisade fence on the north west side of Camp.

16. Mr Turner continued straight ahead in a south westerly direction past the corner of the

palisade fence, where it turns ninety degrees to run south east. Just before he reached a

point level with the corner of the palisade fence on his left, he passed on his right a set of

mobile practice starting stalls for racehorses. Although Mr Turner professes not to have

known it, once he passed that point, running in that direction, he began to cross the

17. As must be common knowledge and as Pat Culleton - the independent expert engineer

who gave evidence on Mr Turner’s behalf – accepted, a jogger running at an average pace

should be able to come to a stop within, at most, a couple of seconds or a distance of no

18. The gallops comprise one part of the disparate Curragh lands, collectively known as the

Curragh Training Grounds, that the Minister has licensed Curragh Racecourse to use for

the purpose of training racehorses. Those rolled and groomed grass gallops are located

south of the Curragh Camp Armoury, starting at a point to the east of it, continuing

parallel to the palisade fence on its south west side, and finishing beyond it to the west.

They run in a straight line on an upward gradient in a north westerly direction for

approximately seven furlongs or 1.4 kilometres. There is another gradient across the

width of the gallops sloping downward away from the Army Camp. Throughout the flat

racing season from approximately March to November, the gallops are open to racehorse

trainers each Wednesday and Saturday, during the hours between daybreak and 1 p.m.

19. In order to ensure that racehorses and their riders take a single designated line along the

gallops on any given day, cross-rails laterally intersect the gallops at three points along

their length. Those cross-rails are constructed of lengths of white plastic piping supported

at intervals by metal rods as stanchions. Each rod is looped around the plastic pipe and

its sharpened ends are stuck in the turf below. The line that the horses must take is

designated by opening a 6.6 metre gap at a corresponding point in each of the three

cross-rails. As the season progresses, the location of the gap in each of the cross-rails is

moved down the gradient away from the Curragh Camp, so that the designated line shifts

constantly to protect the turf from damage through overuse. According to the evidence of

Mr Turner and as shown in various photographs of the location taken by his partner the

following day, the cross-rails were in poor condition at the time of the accident in that

some of the metal rods had fallen over, with the result that certain sections of white

plastic pipe were partly or wholly on the ground. Patrick Kelly, the Curragh Racecourse

training grounds manager, explained during his evidence that it is quite a job to maintain

the cross-rails because the sheep like to rub or scratch against them, frequently knocking

20. The designated line is also demarcated by seven pairs of small white circular markers,

6.6m apart, placed at regular intervals from the start of the gallops to the finish. To

facilitate military patrols around the perimeter of the Curragh Camp, there is a 20-metre

gap between the northwest side of the gallops and the palisade fence on the southwest

21. To the south of the gallops, running parallel to them, is a separate all-weather racehorse

22. Despite running on the Curragh for eight years and frequently taking a route across the

gallops, Mr Turner testified that he had never seen a single horse there. Further he

attributed no significance to the presence of mobile starting stalls, cross-rails and markers

at that location. He thought that the stalls had been abandoned and that the cross-rails

were of no use to anyone because of their poor condition. He did not notice the markers

or the all-weather track that runs parallel to the gallops to the south, which he thought

(wrongly, the aerial photographs would suggest) might have been obstructed from his

23. Not far beyond the all-weather track is the southern edge of the Curragh, fringed by

24. On the Saturday morning of the accident, Ms Collins was working as usual from her yard

at Conyngham Lodge Stables, a short distance from the gallops. Her grandfather began

training racehorses there in 1926, and her father took over the operation in 1958. Ms

Collins was a work rider for her father for 25 or 26 years and an amateur jockey for 10

years. She took out her trainer’s licence in 2007, the year that her father died. Thus, for

approaching a century, her family has been continuously engaged in racehorse training at

25. Ms Collins works her horses on the gallops when they are open on Wednesday and

Saturday mornings. On those mornings, she begins her day by checking on their

condition and then feeding them. Next, Ms Collins assigns a jockey to each mount. While

the jockeys are tacking out, she drives out to inspect the condition of the ground on the

gallops. That inspection usually takes place between 5.45 a.m. and 6.00 a.m. After that,

Ms Collins returns to the yard to attend to various tasks; horses might be put on the

mechanical walker or given a rub down. Then, the horses that are to be worked are

brought down to a wooded area just to the south of the all-weather track beside the

gallops, where they are trotted out for 10 minutes or so. When that has been done, Ms

Collins proceeds in her jeep along the Camp Armoury side of the gallops, conducting a

safety inspection to satisfy herself of the absence of any evident risk to her staff or horses

from potential hazards such as vehicles, joggers or grazing sheep. She then parks her

jeep at a point on the gallops beside the designated line approximately 50 metres to the

west of the corner of the palisade fence. From there, Ms Collins can watch through

binoculars as her horses carry out ‘fast work’ on the gallops and the jockeys can take

direction from her as they approach her position. Ms Collins uses a circular motion of her

left hand to signal the jockeys to urge on their horses and holds up the palm of her left

26. John Watson, the independent equestrian expert who was called as a witness on behalf of

Mr Turner, explained in his evidence that the training of racehorses usually entails serious

work – that is, work done at a gallop – twice a week. This galloping work may be done at

half speed, three-quarter speed or full speed. Generally, the last quarter of any gallop is

done at full speed. The trainer adopts a vantage point that the horses will pass when

they are at full exertion. As they approach the end of the gallops, the horses are pulled

up over a further 100 or 200 metres, still travelling a straight line. In Mr Watson’s words,

it is important to pull a racehorse up gradually because its legs are ‘a fragile bit of kit’,

compared to its overall body mass, and because it is perhaps most prone to injury when

physically tired towards the end of its exertion. When they have been pulled up, the

horses are brought back around so that the trainer can observe their post-exertion

27. According to the evidence of Mr Kelly, the training grounds manager, on a typical day

when the gallops are open, 6 to 8 trainers would use them, working upwards of 100

28. At the time of the accident, Ms Collins was working a group (known as ‘a lot’) comprising

six horses, divided into two batches of three. The horses jump off in batches and

frequently ride just inches apart to simulate race conditions. It was the first batch that

were involved in the accident the subject of these proceedings. Of that group, Hazel

Wallace was the jockey on Daisy Bell, the horse to the right; Philip Donovan was on

Majestic Queen, in the middle; and Yoshi Takamora was on Chiclet, on the left. Hazel

Wallace has worked for Ms Collins for over 20 years and Ms Collins considers her to be an

29. Mr Turner’s evidence concerning the accident and its aftermath was broadly as follows.

When he passed the corner of the palisade fence on his left, he continued running straight

ahead across what he now knows to be the gallops. He was running in line with the third

set of cross-rails, which were immediately to his left. He was not looking to his right or

his left. Although it was a sunny morning and the sun would have been above and in line

with the approaching racehorses that were below him and to his left, Mr Turner did not

claim to have been unsighted in that direction; rather, his evidence was that he did not

look to his right or left, as he had no reason to do so. Thus, he did not see Tracey Collins

30. Although Mr Turner had earphones on, he stated that he first became aware of the horses

when he heard them. He was insistent that he did not hear any shouting before the

accident. On hearing the horses’ approach, he looked to the left and saw them twenty or

thirty feet away from him. They went straight over him, veering neither right nor left.

Two of them may have hit him. He fell to the ground. He saw the next batch of horses

coming up behind him, so he scrambled away from their line of approach before dropping

to the ground again. A woman, who was probably Tracey Collins, approached him. She

told him that an ambulance had been called and advised him not to move. At the time,

31. In cross-examination, it was put to Mr Turner that the account of the accident he had

given in evidence was inconsistent with the case he had pleaded and the account of the

accident that he had given to his own independent experts. In the personal injuries

summons that issued on his behalf on 2 March 2016, the contents of which he had

verified in an affidavit sworn on 7 March 2016, Mr Turner pleaded, in material part:

‘While jogging along, [Mr Turner] became aware that someone was calling to him.

[Mr Turner] looked around and became aware that three horses with jockeys were

32. Similarly, according to the report of Mr Culleton, Mr Turner’s engineer, during an

inspection of the location of the accident on 9 October 2014, Mr Turner told him that he

could recall ‘suddenly feeling vibration in the ground, hearing shouting and then seeing

three charging horses bearing down on him from his left.’ When counsel drew that

account to Mr Turner’s attention, he responded that he had been on a lot of medication at

33. Further, according to the report of Mr Watson, the independent equestrian expert who

gave evidence on behalf of Mr Turner, during an inspection of the location over two years

‘3.8. [Mr Turner] recalled looking up because he heard somebody calling to him. He was

not aware what they were calling about. At the inspection, he believed the voice

appeared to come from a vehicle parked about 50 metres or more away to his

3.9. The “next thing” he saw was “three horses running at me with jockeys on them”.

They came at him, straight through a gap in the railings, from his left.’

34. Mr Turner could not explain why, if these were errors, he had taken no steps to correct

them, merely repeating several times in evidence that he had heard ‘noises’, but not

35. In her evidence, Tracey Collins gave the following account of the accident. She had

driven up the gallops to inspect them for a second time at 9.10 a.m. when she had

observed no joggers, sheep or vehicles present there and, thus, no risk of collision. She

had parked her jeep and had alighted from it. She was observing the first batch of three

horses on the gallops through her binoculars. They were gradually quickening their pace

and had just come through the second set of cross-rails when the jockeys began

shouting. Ms Collins put down her binoculars to look around. She saw Mr Turner running

along the third set of a cross-rails on a collision course with the approaching horses. Ms

Collins began running as fast as she could towards Mr Turner, while shouting and waving.

The jockeys also were shouting at Mr Turner and were trying to pull up their mounts. The

horses were by then going very fast. Two of them were fillies with a handicap rating of

over 100. Mr Turner just kept running. Mr Turner arrived at the gap in the cross-rails,

just as the horses did. He collided with the neck or shoulder of Daisy Bell, the mount of

Hazel Wallace, and was knocked down. The filly stumbled, and Ms Wallace was thrown to

36. In Ms Collins view, there was nothing that the horses or their riders could have done to

avoid the collision. The horses only had the 6.6-metre-wide gap to go through. At the

speed they were travelling, if they had attempted to veer sharply left or right they would

have fallen, creating a risk of serious injury to horse and rider. If they had veered less

sharply left or right they would have gone through the cross-rails at an even greater risk

of serious injury and with the additional danger that horse or rider might have been

impaled on the sharpened ends of one of the metal rods supporting the plastic rails.

37. Ms Collins ran to attend to Mr Turner. She rang the army hospital at the Curragh Camp

to call an ambulance. She rang Mr Kelly, the training grounds manager. Having trained

in first aid, she told Mr Turner not to move. Ms Wallace was sitting up and appeared

physically fine, although she seemed to Ms Collins to be in shock. Ms Collins noted loud

music coming from Mr Turner’s earphones, which were on the ground.

38. Hazel Wallace, who was called as a witness on behalf of the third and fourth defendants,

provided the following account of the accident. She and her fellow jockeys trotted their

mounts through the first marker at the commencement of the gallops because the ground

there wasn’t great. They started to canter and then gallop when approaching the first set

of cross-rails, after which they got the horses into a tempo and went through the second

set of cross-rails. They were riding together, nicely balanced and in sync. Ms Wallace

was focussed on the horses beside her and on Ms Collins, who was at a vantage point

about 100 yards or so beyond the third set of cross-rails. As they approached the marker

between the second and third fence, Ms Wallace saw Mr Turner. He was approximately

half way across the length of the cross-rails. The markers are about 150 yards from the

cross rails, so she was about 150 yards from Mr Turner when she first saw him, ahead of

her and to her right. She began shouting as loud as she could to warn him. The other

two jockeys began shouting as well. Ms Wallace felt that he didn’t hear or see them

39. Ms Wallace testified that she could not turn her horse away from the gap at that point

because the turn would have been too sharp. She knew that the metal rods supporting

the plastic rails have sharp spikes at each end. Their horses were trained for flat racing;

they had never been taught how to jump an obstacle. It takes a furlong and a half to pull

up a horse once it is moving flat out and hers was. The average racehorse weighs half a

tonne. She was concerned, not only about Mr Turner’s safety, but also about her own

safety and that of her fellow jockeys. She was trying to pull her horse back.

Unfortunately, shouting tends to have the effect of spurring a horse on, rather than

slowing it down. They met at the gap at the same time. As she was going through the

gap, Mr Turner came across it, colliding with her horse’s shoulder. Mr Turner appeared to

40. Ms Wallace was thrown by the force of the impact and finished up about 10 or 12 metres

away, once she had stopped rolling. She saw the next batch of horses coming and

scrambled away before dropping to the ground again. When the ambulance arrived, the

medical staff had a quick look over her. She did not feel she required a doctor. She

spent the rest of the weekend at home and was back riding on the following Monday or

Tuesday. She has been riding for 20 years and nothing like this has ever happened in her

41. Mr Turner was brought by ambulance to the Accident and Emergency Department of Naas

General Hospital, where his right shoulder was found to be dislocated. It was reduced

(that is to say, put back in place) successfully, while Mr Turner was under sedative.

Although he went to work the following Monday, the pain in that shoulder was very

severe for six weeks after the accident and he still suffers pain and a range of physical

and psychological problems that he attributes to the accident. In late 2014, Mr Turner

began to develop left-sided back pain, radiating to the left side of his chest, and

significant pain in the left-side of his cervical spine, radiating towards his left leg. He has

undergone extensive physiotherapy. He has had injections and rhizotomy (i.e. nerve-

cauterising or severing) procedures carried out four times, against the background of

confirmed degenerative disc disease in his lumbar spine and degenerative arthritis in the

facet joints there. The accident may have exacerbated an existing osteoarthritic condition

in his left knee. He has been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.

42. Although there is some level of agreement between the parties concerning the broad

circumstances of the accident, three significant points of conflict emerged at trial: first,

the distance beyond the corner of the palisade fence that Mr Turner had run before

colliding with the racehorses on the gallops; second, whether there was any shouted

warning to Mr Turner prior to the collision; and third, whether Ms Collins and her jeep had

been present to Mr Turner’s right on the gallops prior to the collision.

43. During his cross-examination at trial, Mr Turner stated that he believes the accident

occurred when he had proceeded only 30 or 40 metres beyond the corner of the palisade

fence. It was then put to him that in the report of Mr Culleton, the independent expert

engineer instructed on his behalf, Mr Turner is recorded at the inspection on 9 October

2014 as estimating that he was 100 metres beyond the corner of that fence when the

collision happened. Mr Turner responded that it would have been 100 feet (i.e.

approximately 30 metres) and not 100 metres. Mr Turner estimated that he had been hit

about eight seconds after he passed the corner and that, at the pace he was running, he

would have covered 100 feet in that time. It was put to Mr Turner that it was the

defendant’s case that the collision had occurred 139 metres from the corner of the

44. In the report of Tony O’Keefe, the independent expert engineer who was called as a

witness on behalf of the Collins sisters, Tracey Collins is recorded as having informed him

that, on the morning in question, the gap in the cross-rails (and hence the location of the

accident) was at a point on the gallops that Mr O’Keefe then measured as 139 metres

from the corner of the palisade fence. Mr O’Keefe confirmed his instructions and his

measurements in evidence and it was not put to him that he was mistaken in either. Nor

was it suggested to Ms Collins that her recollection in that regard had been incorrect. Ms

Wallace, the jockey, confirmed that the designated line that morning was the one that Ms

Collins had identified to Mr O’Keefe (i.e. with the gap in the third-set of cross rails at a

point which Mr O’Keefe measured at 139 metres from the corner of the palisade fence).

Ms Wallace was not cross-examined on that aspect of her evidence. Mr Kelly, the training

grounds manager, who was directly called to the scene of the accident by Ms Collins, gave

evidence that the location at which it occurred (the gap in the third set of cross-rails) was

45. Bearing in mind the uncontroverted evidence that the season commences in March or

April and that the accident occurred in September, the defendants’ evidence on the point

is consistent with the unchallenged assertion that, as the season progresses, the

designated line on the gallops is moved down the gradient, ever further from the palisade

46. I have already described the conflict between Mr Turner’s evidence at trial – that there

had been noises, but no shouts, prior to the collision – and not only the defendants’

evidence on that point but also both the relevant part of Mr Turner’s claim as pleaded and

the description of events that he gave to his own independent experts as recorded by

47. In evidence at trial, Mr Turner claimed never to have looked left or right while running on

the Curragh because, in his view, there was no reason to do so. Nonetheless, he did not

accept that Ms Collins’ jeep was parked on the gallops to his right when the accident

occurred. Instead, he expressed the view that the jeep had driven up after the accident.

48. As noted earlier, the evidence of Ms Collins is that she had parked her jeep at a vantage

point on the gallops that would have been to Mr Turner’s right as he proceeded beyond

the corner of the palisade fence and was standing beside it, watching through her

binoculars the horses proceeding towards her. That is also the evidence of Ms Wallace,

the jockey. Once again, Mr Turner’s own independent equestrian expert, Mr Watson,

records Mr Turner describing a voice calling to him prior to the collision that ‘appeared to

come from a vehicle parked about 50 metres or more away to his right.’

49. Having considered the evidence as carefully as I am able, on the balance of probabilities I

(a) the accident occurred between 120 and 139 metres from the corner of the palisade

(b) for several seconds prior to the accident, the jockeys of the three approaching

horses to Mr Turner’s left were shouting warnings at him and Ms Collins to his right

was running towards him, while waving her arms and shouting a warning to him,

gallops where it would have been plainly visible to Mr Turner’s right, as would Ms

50. Mr Watson, the equestrian expert instructed on behalf of Mr Turner, expressed the view

that the Curragh Racecourse could, and should, have averted the accident by erecting a

temporary sign when the gallops were in use, somewhere in the vicinity of the corner of

the palisade fence at the Camp Armoury or, better still, at the top of the third set of

cross-rails, orientated to be read by persons approaching the gallops at that point from

the north east, reading ‘LOOK LEFT FOR GALLOPING HORSES’ or words to that effect. Mr

Culleton, Mr Turner’s expert engineer, also expressed, albeit in more general terms, the

view that a sign of some sort should have been erected. As that was not done, Mr Turner

submits that Curragh Racecourse breached the duty of care that it owed him.

52. The first reason is that I cannot reconcile it with the particular facts of this case. From

the moment that Mr Turner passed the corner of the palisade fence around the Camp

Armoury, the entire unobstructed vista of the gallops opened out before him. Tom

Rowan, the independent expert engineer called as a witness by Curragh Racecourse, gave

unchallenged evidence that, at a running speed of 3.05 m/s (a good average speed for a

jogger), it would take between 32 and 45 seconds to run a distance of between 100 and

139m. On his own evidence, Mr Turner proceeded for that long over that distance across

an open plain without ever seeing, to his left, the six galloping racehorses and their

jockeys, whose course was converging orthogonally with his own, or seeing, to his right,

Ms Collins, who was initially standing beside her parked jeep, which he also failed to see,

and who then ran towards him, shouting and waving her arms. As already noted, Mr

Turner’s explanation for this remarkable turn of events is that he did not look to his right

or his left when jogging on the Curragh Plain because as far as he was concerned there

was no reason to. That being so, I cannot be satisfied that Mr Turner would have seen a

temporary sign erected at either the corner of the palisade fence or the beginning of the

third set of cross-rails to either the left or right of the route along which he had chosen to

jog. Hence, even if the duty of care on Curragh Racecourse required it to erect a

temporary warning sign, I could not be satisfied that its failure to do so was the cause of

53. The second reason is that I cannot accept the existence of a duty of care as wide as that

which Mr Turner’s submission implies. In his report on behalf of Mr Turner, Mr Watson

acknowledges that it is a corollary of the view he has expressed that equivalent signage

would be required at other (unspecified) locations on the Curragh Plain. While some

attempt was made in evidence by, and on behalf of, Mr Turner to suggest that there are a

limited number of points at which recreational walkers or joggers are likely to commence

traversing the gallops, I accept the evidence of Mr Kelly, the training grounds manager,

that the gallops are an open plain, accessible at any point around the three hundred and

sixty degrees of their circumference and that recreational users cross them in all

directions. That proposition is borne out by the photographic evidence. While it is true

that a number of faint tracks, which Mr Kelly identified (correctly, to my mind) as sheep

tracks and which Mr Turner referred to as jogger’s paths, are evident in various aerial and

other photographs, those tracks traverse the gallops at a range of different angles and

there is nothing to compel walkers, joggers or, for that matter, sheep to use, or stay on,

54. Where, then, would a duty to erect signs to warn persons traversing the open gallops of

the possible presence of galloping horses begin and end? The Supreme Court addressed

a similar question in Weir-Rodgers v S.F. Trust Ltd. [2005] 1 I.R. 47. A woman admiring

a sunset with some friends from a vantage point at Coolmore, beside the beautiful

Rossnowlagh Beach in County Donegal, lost her footing and slipped down a deceptively

steep gradient into the sea, sustaining significant physical injuries. She sued the

defendant company, formed by the Franciscan religious order, which was the occupier of

the land on which she had been standing. Her claim was that the company had been in

breach of its duty to her under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1995 (‘the Act of 1995’) in

failing to erect a sign or notice warning of the danger. In giving judgment for the Court,

Geoghegan J (Murray CJ and Denham J concurring) commented (at 53):

‘At one point in the cross-examination of Mr McMullan [the plaintiff’s independent

expert engineer], counsel for the defendant asked him if you were to put up a

notice everywhere there was a ridge or a cliff how many notices would have to be

erected. His answer was that the place would be littered with notices. One does

not have to be an engineer to agree with that answer and one does not have to be

blessed with a high degree of common sense to opine that it is highly unlikely the

Oireachtas ever intended any such thing. Mr McMullan’s evidence was extreme but,

in my view, it logically had to be given to support the case for the plaintiff. For

instance, in re-examination counsel for the plaintiff referred to a question counsel

for the defendant had asked Mr. McMullan as to whether he was suggesting that

every stretch of the coast line should be fenced. I rather suspect that counsel for

the plaintiff was hoping for a different kind of answer than he got. Mr. McMullan

said that any area that is heavily pedestrianised should certainly have some

warning signs and that there should also be a fence there as well. I must confess

that this conjures up in my mind huge areas of coastline right around Ireland

fenced against the public and littered with warning notices. An intention of the

Oireachtas to that effect would seem unlikely but if a statute required it, the courts

would be bound to uphold it. That is the question which I have to address when I

55. In dealing with the law, Geoghegan J concluded (at 56) that, even if the duty of the

occupier in that case was the ordinary Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562

neighbourly duty of care and not the lower duty not to cause intentional injury to, or act

with reckless disregard for, a recreational user or trespasser under s. 4(1) of the Act of

1995, the plaintiff would not be entitled to succeed. Geoghegan J explained (at 57):

‘14 ...The whole area of reasonableness in an outdoor land situation has been quite

recently considered by the House of Lords in Tomlinson v. Congleton Borough

Council [2003] UKHL 47, [2004] AC 46. That case involved potential liability

under the English Occupiers Liability Act 1957 and there were some views

expressed in the speeches of the Law Lords relating also to the Occupiers Liability

Act 1984 which was the Act dealing with duty to trespassers. While there is some

overlap, the wording of the English Acts is sufficiently different to render it of

limited assistance in interpreting the Irish legislation. But at least one aspect of that

case is relevant to this case. The Law Lords in their speeches referred to the

common sense expectations of persons engaged in outdoor activities such as, for

instance, mountain climbing or walking or swimming in dangerous areas. The other

side of that coin is that the occupier is entitled to assume that knowledge of such

dangers and risks would exist and safety measures would be taken. For this

purpose, I find it sufficient to refer only to some passages from the speech of Lord

Hutton. At para. 57 he cited with approval a Scottish case Stevenson v. Corporation

"in a town, as well as in the country, there are physical features which may

be productive of injury to careless persons or to young children against which

it is impossible to guard by protective measures. The situation of a town on

the banks of a river is a familiar feature; and whether the stream be sluggish

like the Clyde at Glasgow, or swift and variable like the Ness at Inverness, or

the Tay at Perth, there is always danger to the individual who may be so

unfortunate as to fall into the stream. But in none of these places has it been

found necessary to fence the river to prevent children or careless persons

from falling into the water. Now, as the common law is just the formal

statement of the results and conclusions of the common sense of mankind, I

come without difficulty to the conclusion that precautions which have been

rejected by common sense as unnecessary and inconvenient are not required

15 That passage would seem to be apposite to this case also and would seem to apply

to any suggestion that a warning notice should have been put up. Lord Hutton also

cites Glasgow Corporation v. Taylor [1922] 1 AC 44, where at p. 61 Lord Shaw of

"Grounds thrown open by a municipality to the public may contain objects of

natural beauty, say precipitous cliffs or the banks of streams, the dangers of

16 In support of these propositions, Lord Hutton cited yet another Scottish case

Hastie v. Magistrates of Edinburgh 1907, SC 1102 where the Lord President (Lord

Dunedin) at p. 1106 said that there are certain risks against which the law in

accordance with the dictates of common sense, does not give protection - such

17 I would heartily endorse the sentiments expressed in these passages. The person

sitting down near a cliff must be prepared for oddities in the cliff's structure or in

the structure of the ground adjacent to the cliff and he or she assumes the inherent

risks associated therewith. There could, of course, be something quite exceptionally

unusual and dangerous in the state of a particular piece of ground which would

impose a duty on the occupier the effect of which would be that if he did not put up

a warning notice he would be treated as having reckless disregard. But this is

certainly not such a case. While obviously sympathetic to the plaintiff in her serious

injuries, I am quite satisfied that there was no liability on the part of the defendant

in this case and I would set aside the judgment of the High Court and dismiss the

56. In my view, the dangers inherent in crossing wide open gallops are directly comparable to

those of visiting precipitous cliffs or the banks of rivers and streams. I fully accept that

there could be something quite exceptionally unusual and dangerous in the state of the

gallops that would impose the duty to erect a warning sign. In the course of argument, I

offered as an example the hypothetical that if the gallops extended up to the side of the

palisade fence of the Camp Armoury and if the designated line was then too close to that

fence, creating a blind corner for persons emerging onto the gallops from the north west

side of the camp, then such an exceptional or unusual danger could well exist and a duty

to erect a warning sign or to take some comparable preventative measure at that specific

place could then arise. But this was not such a case. There was nothing deceptive about

the presence of the galloping racehorses nor about their progress up the gallops. It was

the unchallenged evidence of Mr O’Keefe, Ms Collins’ independent expert engineer, that,

when Mr Turner passed the corner of the palisade fence, the racehorses would have been

plainly visible below him on the open plain of the gallops from an initial distance greater

than 750 metres away to the point of the collision between them over thirty seconds

later. I draw support for that conclusion from the evidence of Mr Kelly, the training

grounds manager, that, in his 21 years in that role, no other such incident has occurred,

either before or since Mr Turner’s accident, and from that of Ms Wallace, the jockey, that

nothing like it had ever happened in the twenty years she had been riding on the gallops

57. Hence, Mr Turner has failed to satisfy me that Curragh Racecourse was under a duty of

care to erect a warning sign at, or near, the point on the Curragh Plain at which he

58. In light of that conclusion, it is unnecessary to consider Mr Turner’s additional argument,

which assumed the existence of such a duty, that Curragh Racecourse was not prevented

from erecting a warning sign by the express term of its covenant with the Minister under

the licence of 1968 not to erect any ‘structure’ on the gallops without the Minister’s

written permission, since a warning sign should not be considered a structure within the

59. I reject the view put forward by Mr Culleton, Mr Turner’s engineer, that the Curragh

Racecourse was in breach of duty in failing to cordon off either the entire gallops or the

designated line on the gallops in circumstances where: first, there was no evidence that it

was practicable; and second, there was uncontroverted evidence that Curragh Racecourse

60. Finally, on the question of breach of duty, I also reject Mr Culleton’s view that the Collins

sisters were negligent in failing to ensure that the horses Tracey Collins was training on

the gallops were pulled up before Mr Turner could collide with them. Mr Culleton is not an

equestrian expert. Mr Watson, Mr Turner’s equestrian expert, expressed no such view

and I accept the evidence of Ms Collins and Ms Wallace on that point.

61. Hence, I conclude that there was no breach by any of the defendants of any duty of care

62. Mr Turner jogged over 120 metres across an open plain for over thirty seconds before

running into the shoulder or neck of one of three galloping racehorses with which he had

been on an orthogonal collision course for all of that distance and time. Had he been

keeping a proper - or any – lookout, he would have been able to stop within a second or

two or within a distance of less than six metres and the collision could have been avoided.

63. Mr Turner candidly admitted in evidence that he did not look to his left or right at any

time prior to the collision because, in his view, he had no reason to do so. He did not see

in his peripheral vision the racehorses that he was converging with, nor did he hear the

thunderous sound of those horses’ hooves, until it was too late.

64. Mr Turner testified that he considered running on the Curragh Plains directly comparable

to running across a field, before offering the view that, since there is no necessity to look

left or right when crossing a field, there was no necessity for him to look left or right (or

otherwise keep any proper lookout) when crossing the gallops prior to this accident. I

65. First, given the potential presence in any field of livestock, wild animals, agricultural

vehicles and machinery, farmers, agricultural workers and visitors, it seems to me

sensible and, thus, reasonable to keep a proper lookout when crossing one. Second, the

Curragh Plains are more than just a very large field. On the Curragh, there will also be

military patrols; the management and conservation activities of the Maor and his (or her)

staff; and the racehorse training activities that have been going on there for centuries.

Third, the whole purpose of keeping a proper lookout is to afford an opportunity to

become aware of, and take appropriate measures to deal with, the unexpected, as well as

the predictable. It is for that reason that I do not think anything very much turns on Mr

Turner’s claim to have been ignorant of the nature and purpose of the gallops when he

66. In his evidence, Mr Turner contrasted the proper lookout he keeps when crossing a public

roadway with, to borrow a horse racing expression, the blinkers that he asserts he is

entitled to wear, figuratively speaking, when running on the Curragh. Once again, I am

afraid that I cannot agree. The existence of a legal requirement to keep a proper lookout

when crossing a public road does not imply the absence of any common-sense

67. While listening to music through headphones as a pedestrian or jogger in a public place

does not amount to negligent conduct in and of itself and has to be considered in context,

I am satisfied that it did contribute to the accident in this case. In addition to failing to

keep a proper visual lookout, Mr Turner did not hear the sound of the warning shouts of

Ms Collins, the trainer, and of the jockeys of the three galloping racehorses. Nor did he

hear the sound of the galloping hooves of the approaching horses.

68. In arguing that listening to music on earphones cannot be classified as negligent on his

part, Mr Turner relies on the decision of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital

Territory in Pangallo v Smith [2015] ACTSC 313. While I have found the decision of

Associate Justice Mossop in that case lucid and persuasive on the relevant point, it does

not assist Mr Turner. The case concerned a collision on a suburban street between a

motor vehicle and a pedestrian wearing earphones and listening to music. In contrast to

the present case, the breach of duty of the defendant in that case (the motorist) was

admitted, and the relevant issue was whether there had been contributory negligence on

the part of the plaintiff pedestrian in ‘wearing earphones and listening to music whilst

walking on the road ... thus impacting upon his ability to hear approaching traffic.’

‘A pedestrian crossing a road at night even in a relatively low traffic suburban area

is obliged to take care for the person’s own safety. That obligation extends to

looking and listening for vehicles on the road that have the potential to cause harm

to the pedestrian. It extends to cars approaching from both in front of and behind

the pedestrian. It extends to circumstances in which the road is reasonably lit. It is

clear that the plaintiff neither saw nor heard the first defendant’s vehicle prior to

the accident. In my view had the plaintiff been taking reasonable care either by

paying greater visual attention to his surroundings or by ensuring that his hearing

was not impeded by headphones and the sounds of the radio then it is likely that he

would have become aware of the presence of the first defendant’s vehicle and its

approach as it turned into Jandamarra Street. It is more likely than not that having

regard to his proximity to the edge of the road that he would have been able to

70. I conclude that the proximate cause of the accident was Mr Turner’s failure to keep a

proper lookout, together with his use of earphones to listen to music, impeding – if not

eliminating - his ability to hear the approach of the racehorses or the shouted warnings of

their approach. It is more than likely that, had he been taking reasonable care either by

keeping a proper lookout or by ensuring that he was in a position to hear the sound of the

approaching racehorses or the shouted warnings of their approach, he could have avoided

the accident by the simple and straightforward expedient of stopping or slowing down.

71. Mr Turner pleads that Curragh Racecourse was in breach of its duty of care towards him

under the Act of 1995. However, in view of the finding I have already made that none of

the defendants were in breach of any duty of care that they owed to Mr Turner, there is

nothing in the Act of 1995 that can avail him. Even assuming, without deciding, that

Curragh Racecourse was an ‘occupier’ of the gallops, as defined under s. 1 of that Act,

then Mr Turner would be no more than ‘a recreational user’ there, as defined under the

same section. Thus, under s. 4 of the same Act, Curragh Racecourse would have owed

Mr Turner only the lesser duty not to injure him intentionally or act in reckless disregard

of his interests. In those circumstances, Mr Turner might have been expected to argue

that the ‘danger’ concerned (that of a collision with a racehorse on the gallops) was not a

‘danger due to the state of the premises’, thus taking his claim outside the scope of the

Act of 1995 and back within the rubric of normal negligence rules; see Allen v Trabolgan

Holiday Centre Ltd (Unreported, High Court (Charleton J), 30 April 2010), [2010] IEHC 129

(at para. 1). Yet, as I have already concluded, even under normal negligence

72. In the written legal submissions filed on his behalf at the end of the trial, Mr Turner

sought to introduce a new claim of occupiers’ liability against the Collins sisters and new

claims of private or public nuisance against each of the defendants. I have already

explained why an occupiers’ liability claim could not succeed. A public nuisance claim

could not succeed either because, on the facts I have found, none of the defendants

unreasonably interfered with the exercise by Mr Turner, as a member of the public, of any

right associated with the use of the Curragh Plain. Whether Mr Turner unreasonably

interfered with the defendants’ exercise of such rights is a matter that – perhaps

fortunately for him – does not arise. The proposed claim in private nuisance is untenable;

it depends on the faintly surreal proposition that the right to jog on the Curragh is a local

customary right i.e. one confined to members of the local community and not available to

73. However, an antecedent difficulty for Mr Turner is that he did not plead any of the claims

just described; did not formally apply to amend his pleadings to include them; and did not

offer any explanation for his failure to adopt either course. Instead, he argued in closing

submissions, when first raising those claims, that their informal introduction at that point

would not prejudice the defendants because, if they weren’t prepared to deal with them

on the hoof (to borrow another equine expression), they could apply for an adjournment.

While it is clear that Order 28, rule 1 of the Rules of the Superior Courts - the rule

governing the exercise of the power to permit the amendment of pleadings - is intended

to be a liberal one (i.e. to allow any amendment necessary for the purpose of determining

the real questions in controversy between the parties), in my judgment the exercise of

that power in the manner and circumstances just described would facilitate an abuse of

process and would amount to a breach of the defendants’ fair trial rights. Hence, I do not

74. While Mr Turner is entitled to every sympathy for the injuries he has sustained and the

pain and suffering he has endured, I can find no responsibility and, hence, no liability for

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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> High Court of Ireland Decisions >> Turner v The Curragh Racecourse & Ors [2020] IEHC 76 (21 February 2020) URL: http://www.bailii.org/ie/cases/IEHC/2020/2020IEHC76.html Cite as: [2020] IEHC 76

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