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APPEAL COURT, HIGH COURT OF JUSTICIARY
[2024] HCJAC 17
HCA/2023/000289/XC
Lord Pentland
Lord Matthews
Lady Wise
OPINION OF THE COURT
delivered by LORD MATTHEWS
in
Appeal against Conviction
by
CATHAL KELLY
Appellant
against
HIS MAJESTY'S ADVOCATE
Respondent
Appellant: D Adam; Livingstone Brown, Glasgow
Respondent: A Prentice KC, Sol. Adv, AD; Crown Agent
2 May 2024
[1]
On 17 May 2023, after trial, the appellant was convicted of a charge that on 8 and
9 November 2019, while the complainer was asleep, he repeatedly pulled down her lower
clothing and penetrated her vagina with his fingers, and after she had awoken continued to
penetrate her vagina with his fingers, and thereafter, again while she was asleep and after
she had awoken, touched her breasts and raped her. The charge was aggravated in terms of
section 1 of the Abusive Behaviour and Sexual Harm (Scotland) Act 2016.
2
[2]
In due course he was imprisoned for 4 years. There is no appeal against sentence.
[3]
This was the second charge on the indictment. The first one alleged very similar
behaviour towards the same complainer on 23 and 24 October 2019. It was withdrawn at the
close of the Crown case.
[4]
According to the complainer, she had met the appellant at a wedding in Ireland in
late September and they got on well. He came to visit her but on the last night of the visit
she woke a number of times to find him touching her intimately and when she finally awoke
in the morning he was having sex with her. On each occasion she had told him to get off,
that she did not want to and that she was tired. He was getting frustrated and annoyed,
making it clear that as his girlfriend she should want to have sex on their last night. She did
not realise it was a sexual assault and did not contact the police but she remonstrated with
him that he had kept her up all night and told him never to do it again. If he wanted sex he
should wake her up. He apologised and said he would never do it again.
[5]
He returned to Ireland but he constantly needed to communicate with her. She
ended the relationship on 7 November, the night before he was due to visit her again. He
called her at 07.00 on 8 November, saying that he had arrived at Edinburgh airport and they
exchanged a number of messages, culminating in her telling him to meet her at Cameron
Toll. According to her, they argued during the day. At one point he asked if she was on her
period and she told him that she was. He said he would go to bed with her if that was all
right and he went upstairs.
[6]
The complainer described feeling uncomfortable and, as they went to bed, the
appellant asked her whether she had changed her tampon, which disgusted her. She
remembered having some difficulty in getting to sleep but she was awoken by feeling two of
the appellant's fingers in her vagina. She jumped up out of the bed and said: "What the
3
fuck are you doing?" The appellant responded by accusing her of lying about being on her
period. At this point, she was not sure what to do. She was concerned about her children
but eventually, she went back to sleep. When she woke again it was the morning. She was
wakened because the appellant was penetrating her vagina from behind with his penis, her
pyjamas and underwear having been pulled down, her pyjama top raised and her bra
unhooked. As soon as she woke, she jumped up to the top of the bed, pulled up her pyjama
trousers, curled her knees up and asked the appellant what he thought he was doing. The
appellant responded along the lines that he was really horny and had hoped to spend some
time with her before her children woke up. He also said that she must have been really out
cold as he had been really going for it and she had not woken up. She felt shocked, angry
and disgusted but tried not to raise her voice because she did not want her children to come
through or wake up. Eventually, she heard her son going to the bathroom and she used this
opportunity to go through to his room. Thereafter, following further protracted argument
between her and the appellant, he left her house to return home to Ireland.
[7]
Certain footage was played from a camera which was in the complainer's living
room. The parts led in evidence included the following:
Footage from the evening of 8 November 2019, when the complainer was
asked whether she was still on her period and she responded that she was;
Footage showing the appellant and the complainer going upstairs;
Footage from the morning of 9 November 2019 of the complainer and the
appellant coming back downstairs;
Footage from the morning and afternoon of 9 November 2019 when the
complainer can be heard, on a number of occasions, arguing with the
appellant, including the exchange which is at the heart of this appeal.
4
[8]
The relevant passages are as follows:
"The complainer: Don't dare fucking wake me up if you're ever here for another
night.
The appellant: I promise I will never do that ever again.
The complainer: You said that last time but you fucked up before you left last time.
You woke me up twice I think and then carried on fucking talking
to me the last time keeping me awake so long in the night and then
said you would never do that again and then last night was the first
night you had the chance to prove that and you just woke me up
again...
The appellant: Maybe
The complainer: Why do you think I find it hard to believe what you say?
The appellant: Ok. Ok. Ok. I see all of that."
[9]
The complainer's position was that the reference to "waking up" related to the
appellant having sexual intercourse with her while she was asleep and the reference to
"last time" was to the events of charge 1 but there was no direct accusation of sexual
misconduct or indeed any mention of it.
[10]
During the course of that evening the complainer, in a state of distress, told her
friend KD what had happened and KD gave evidence about that. It was agreed by joint
minute that the appellant had penetrated the complainer's vagina with his penis on
9 November 2019. There was thus sufficient evidence.
[11]
The appellant accepted having sexual intercourse with the complainer but said that it
was with consent and he gave a somewhat convoluted explanation about why there was an
argument about him waking her up. It was nothing to do with sex but apparently about
him talking to her seeking reassurance about their relationship.
[12]
At the close of the evidence the trial judge asked the advocate depute about the
Crown's approach to sufficiency. The depute relied on the evidence of the complainer, her
5
distress as spoken to by KD and the exchange between the parties which we have set out
above. When it was considered in the context of the evidence as a whole it was said to be
capable of corroborating the complainer's evidence that she had been asleep and awoken by
the appellant's having sex with her. In his speech to the jury the depute reminded them that
the complainer had been angry and emotional when challenging the appellant. The
appellant must have known to what she was referring.
[13]
In his speech, senior counsel for the appellant suggested that the complainer's
concern had been that the appellant had been talking to her, not raping her, and there was
no mention of sex.
[14]
On behalf of the appellant it is submitted that the trial judge was wrong to direct the
jury, as he did, that the appellant's responses during the argument could amount to an
admission of the offence. It was accepted that an admission did not have to be unequivocal.
CR v HM Advocate 2022 JC 235. However, the only reasonable inference which could be
drawn was that the appellant had accepted he had awoken the complainer by talking to her.
[15]
The advocate depute, on the other hand, under reference to a number of authorities,
including CR, WM v HM Advocate [2022] HCJAC 28 and McPherson v HM Advocate 2019
JC 171 submitted that whether an alleged admission could be corroborative was fact specific
but all that was required for corroboration was something that confirmed or fitted with the
principal source of evidence. In the context in which they were made the appellant's
comments could relate to his having woken up the complainer by penetrating her with his
fingers and penis.
6
Analysis
[16]
It is settled law that an admission does not have to be unequivocal. CR v HM
Advocate. Whether it can amount to corroboration is, as is recognised, entirely fact specific.
If one reasonable interpretation is that it is an admission of the conduct complained of then
it does not matter if other interpretations are open. On the other hand, whether the evidence
is reasonably capable of being interpreted in such a way is a question of law. LC v HM
Advocate [2022] HCJAC 47. In this case, however, the most that can be said is that the
appellant accepted waking up the complainer. That was the complaint she had made to
him. She compared it with the previous occasion when he had kept her awake by talking to
her but did not remonstrate with him for anything done to her while she was asleep, which
continued after she awoke. For the jury to read any more into it was to indulge in
speculation and to stretch the plain meaning of the words beyond breaking point. Whatever
may have happened on the previous occasion, it is simply not tenable to interpret an
admission of waking up the complainer as amounting to an admission of sexually assaulting
and raping her. In directing the jury on the route which they would have to follow in order
to convict the appellant, the judge drew to the jury's attention (without adverse comment)
the Crown's reliance on the discussion between the complainer and the appellant in the
living room and to the advocate depute's submission that when taken in context the
appellant's statements amounted to an admission corroborating the complainer's evidence.
The judge thereby left it open to the jury to treat the appellant's statements as an admission
of sexual assault and rape. It follows that the judge misdirected the jury by allowing them to
treat his comments as corroboration. The statements were not capable of amounting to an
admission and the jury should have been unequivocally directed to that effect. There was
sufficient evidence without the alleged admission but, given the potential importance of the
7
evidence of an admission, we are satisfied that the misdirection was material, as it was in
LC, and that there has been a miscarriage of justice.
[17]
We shall allow the appeal and quash the conviction.
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