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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions >> James Farquhar Gordon and Others, Trustees and Executors of the deceased David Clyne . v. David Clyne (poor) .1 [1839] UKHL MacRob_72 (18 March 1839) URL: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1839/MacRob_72.html Cite as: [1839] UKHL MacRob_72 |
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Page: 72↓
(1839) 1 Mac&Rob 72
REPORTS OF CASES UPON APPEALS AND WRITS OF ERROR, AND QUESTIONS OF PEERAGE, DECIDED BY THE HOUSE OF LORDS, Session of Parliament 1839, 2 & 3 VICTORIA.
(Appeal from the Court of Session, Scotland.)
2d Division.
(No. 4.)
[
Counsel:
Tinney —
James Russell.
A. Haldane.
Subject_Death-bed —
A party, in the event of his predecease, made a conveyance to his parents and the survivor, whom failing, to any persons whom he might name, whom failing, any person they might name. His parents predeceased him, leaving a trust conveyance of their whole property in favour of trustees named. He thereafter executed a deed on death-bed, conveying his whole estate to trustees named, declaring the purposes, and revoking all former settlements so far as they interfered therewith.— Held (affirming the judgment of the Court of Session) that the first deed, neither singly, nor taken in connection with the second deed, was effectual to disinherit the heir, and that the death-bed deed could not be coupled with the first, or with the first and second deeds, so as to exclude a challenge of it by the heir.
Subject_Practice. —
In a reduction the defender pleaded certain pleas, which he designated preliminary. A record was ordered to be made up on these pleas, upon which the defender reclaimed, when the Court (on the ground that the defences pleaded as preliminary were the only defences pleadable in causâ upon which it might be necessary to make up a record) adhered. The record was then prepared, and the defender repeated his former pleas, but without again designating them as preliminary. The Lord Ordinary “repelled the dilatory defences,”
_________________ Footnote _________________
1 15 D., B., & M., 911.
Page: 73↓
Subject_Execution Pending Appeal. —
Incompetent to appeal against a warrant of the Court of Session for interim execution and payment of costs, so as to stay execution of such order as has been thereon made.
Subject_Pauper — Costs. —
No objection to a warrant for interim execution that a printed copy of the petition has not been laid before each of the Judges, nor is it an objection to such warrant for payment of costs, that the party obtaining the warrant has sued in formâ pauperis, and that his own agent alone signed the bond of caution.
Subject_Pauper. —
A respondent suing in formâ pauperis, allowed to be heard on presenting his printed cases at the bar, but costs refused him on that account, although there were otherwise sufficient grounds for awarding them in his favour.
Statement.
On the 22d of August 1815 the late Mr. David Clyne, S. S. C., executed a disposition whereby, in the event of his predeceasing his parents without leaving lawful heirs of his body, he gave, &c. &c., to and in favour of William Clyne his father and Margaret Swanson his mother, “during their mutual lives, and the longest liver of them two; and after the death of the longest liver, to and in favour of any person or persons, or for such uses, ends, and purposes, as I (Mr. Clyne) may name and appoint by any deed I may execute at any time of my life, and even on death-bed; and in case of my dying without having executed such deed, then to and in favour of such person or persons as shall be named and appointed in any deed that shall be executed (according to law or agreement
Page: 74↓
On the 13th September 1815 Mr. Clyne's father and mother executed a mutual trust disposition and settlement, by which, on the narrative of the love and affection which they had to each other, and to David Clyne, S. S. C., their only surviving child, and for other causes and considerations, they with consent severally give, grant, assign, dispone, convey, and make over to and in favour of each other during their lifetime, and to the
Page: 75↓
The deed contained the following reservations:—
“Reserving to us and the survivor of us, at any time of our life, to appoint, as we may see fit and necessary, other persons as trustees for the purposes aforesaid, either in addition to or in room and place of the trustees before named, which trustees so to be named shall have the same powers as the trustees hereinbefore named, &c.; and farther reserving full power and liberty to them and to the survivor, but only with the express advice and consent of the said David Clyne, and not otherwise, at any time of our lives, and even on death-bed, to alter, innovate, or revoke the same in whole or in part, and declaring that any alterations we may make, if done by a regular writing subjoined hereto, or by a paper apart, shall be as valid and effectual as if they were engrossed in this deed, under which declarations these presents are granted, and not otherwise.” Then follows the usual clause declaring the deed valid, in so far as not altered, and dispensing with delivery.
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To this deed a codicil was subjoined, bearing to be subscribed by Mr. Clyne's parents and himself, who also wrote it, dated the 30th October 1826, whereby the said “William dyne and Margaret Swanson, with mutual advice and consent, and with the express advice and consent of our son David Clyne,” nominated and appointed three trustees in room of two who had died, and one whose appointment was thereby recalled; and they also, with advice and consent before mentioned, revoked and altered the bequest of one tenth share of their estate, and appointed it to be distributed in proportion to the remaining shares.
On the 1st November 1833, Mr. dyne executed a trust deed of settlement, which proceeded on the following narrative; viz. — “Considering that circumstances have occurred to render necessary various alterations in the settlement of my means and estate since the deed of 22d August 1815 years was executed by me, and also since the death of my mother on the 15th day of January 1828, and the death of my father on the 30th day of December 1829 years; I do therefore hereby, and for other good causes and considerations me hereunto moving, give, grant, assign, dispone, convey, and make over to and in favour of the appellants, and to the survivor or survivors of such of them as should accept, the major part alive and accepting being a quorum, and to such other person or persons as they or I myself may afterwards appoint as trustees,” his whole means and estate, and particularly a house in Albany Street, therein specially described, for the uses, ends, and purposes therein mentioned, and, inter alia, for payment of an annuity of 10 l. sterling to the appellant.
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The deed concluded with the following clause:—
And I do hereby revoke and recall the foresaid settlement executed by myself on 22d August 1815, and another settlement executed by me in voluntary concurrence with my parents upon the 30th day of October 1826 years, and all other deeds and settlements, if any, in so far only as they interfere with the present deed,”
reserving power of alteration, but declaring always that the same, in so far as not altered, should be valid and effectual.
The deed contained also the following clause:—
“But if any of the smaller annuitants or legatees should alter or attempt to alter this deed, in whole or in part, by action or otherwise, in any Court whatever, it is hereby expressly provided and declared that such party or parties so attempting to alter or repudiate shall ipso facto amit, lose, and tyne all right and interest whatever hereby conferred upon them, and the residue shall go in manner already pointed out by me in the present deed.”
Mr. Clyne died on the same day on which the above deed of settlement was executed, and in April 1835, the respondent, who is the cousin and heir of conquest of David Clyne, having been admitted to the benefit of the poor's roll, brought an action of reduction of this deed of settlement on the head of death-bed, in so far as the heritable property was concerned, against the appellant and the other trustees and executors of Mr. D. Clyne.
In defence the appellants set forth three pleas, all of which they designated as preliminary: 1. Want of title, in respect the respondent was concluded by the deeds of 1815. 2. Want of interest, in respect the value of
Page: 78↓
“The Lords, &c., in respect it is admitted by the defenders that the deed, under reduction was executed on death-bed, and that it appears the defences now pleaded as preliminary are the only defences pleadable in causâ upon which it might be necessary to make up a record, adhere to the interlocutor complained of, refuse the desire of the note, and remit to the Lord Ordinary to proceed accordingly.”
Condescendence and answers were then given in, and the appellants repeated the three preceding pleas in law, with the addition of a fourth, simply to the effect that the pleas of the respondent being groundless, the action should be dismissed, but he did not designate any of these pleas as preliminary. The record being closed, and printed cases afterwards lodged, the Lord Ordinary, on the 24th December 1836, pronounced the following interlocutor:—
“Repels the dilatory defences, and decerns, but without prejudice as to any question which may arise respecting the amount of the heritage claimed by the pursuer, which is hereby reserved to be discussed with the defences on the merits or otherwise hereafter: Finds the defenders liable in expenses; appoints an account thereof to be given in, and, when lodged, remits the same to the auditor, to tax and report.
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“ Note.—It is stated by the defenders that there is no heritage, except a house in Albany Street, Edinburgh, and that this is not so valuable as the annuity of 10 l. which the death-bed deed gives the pursuer, though he be about fifty years old. The Lord Ordinary wished this matter of fact to be fixed before deciding any thing else, but both parties were averse to this, and therefore, as its determination is not necessary for the disposal of the dilatory defences, it, or any such matter, has been reserved.”
Judgment of Court, 12th May 1837.
The appellants presented a reclaiming note to the Second Division of the Court, but their Lordships on the 12th May 1837 pronounced the following interlocutor:—
“Adhere to the interlocutor of the Lord Ordinary submitted to review; refuse the desire of the reclaiming note, and decern: Find additional expenses due; allow an account thereof to be given in, and remit the same, when lodged, to the auditor, to tax and report.” The report of the auditor having been brought before the Court, their Lordships, having heard objections by the appellants, on the 31st May 1837, “approve of the account, and decern for payment to the pursuer of 191 l. 0 s. 8 d. of taxed expenses, with three guineas as the expense of discussing the objections and the expense of extract, and allow the decree to go out and be extracted ad interim.”
Judgment of Court, 7th July 1837.
The respondent afterwards applied to the Court of Session for interim execution under the stat. 48 Geo. 3. c. 151, and their Lordships, on the 7th July 1837, granted warrant for immediate execution, so as to enforce payment to the petitioner of 191 l. 0 s. 8 d. of his taxed expenses of process, he finding caution for the repetition of the same, with interest thereon, in
Page: 80↓
Caution having been presented and approved, the decree extracted, and letters of horning raised thereon, a charge to pay was given to the appellants, who thereupon presented a bill of suspension, on considering which the Lord Ordinary on the bills (Lord Fullerton) pronounced the following interlocutor, on the 15th September 1837:—
“Refuses the bill: Finds the suspenders liable in expenses; allows an account to be given in, and remits the same, when given in, to the auditor, to tax and report.
“ Note.—The words of the statute are conclusive against the suspenders. The judgment in the case of Lady Haddington, 20th November 1811 1, is exactly in point. The Court were not called upon to find any thing as to the absolute incompetency of the appeal, though that opinion is ascribed to them in the report; but the judgment, allowing the extract to be issued, clearly and necessarily implied their opinion on the point, which certainly was within their cognizance, and warranted by the terms of the statute, viz., that it was not competent by appeal to stay the execution of their former order. Considering the terms of the judgment and order for interim execution here, and the admission of the bond of caution by the proper officer, the other reasons of suspension are obviously inadmissible.”
The defenders presented a second bill of suspension to the succeeding Lord Ordinary (Lord Meadowbank), when his Lordship pronounced the following interlocutor:—
_________________ Footnote _________________
1 Fac. Coll.
Page: 81↓
“29th September 1837.— The Lord Ordinary having considered this bill, with the former bill and answers, and writs produced, refuses the bill.”
Against these interlocutors the defenders presented a reclaiming note to the Second Division of the Court, upon advising which their Lordships, on the 5th December 1837, pronounced the following interlocutor:—
The Lords having considered this reclaiming note, with the minute and answers and other proceedings, refuse the desire of the note; adhere to the interlocutor reclaimed against; find additional expenses due; remit to the Lord Ordinary on the bills to proceed accordingly.”
The appellant brought three separate appeals against the proceedings above detailed, which came on to be heard at the same time. The first against the judgment adhering to the Lord Ordinary's interlocutor, which repelled the dilatory defences as above mentioned and the previous interlocutory judgments in reference thereto, and embracing also certain judgments pronounced as to the respondent's admission to the poor roll; the second against the judgment awarding interim execution; the third against the judgment adhering to the Lord Ordinary's judgment refusing the second bill of suspension.
Appellants Arguments.
Appellants.—The settlement by Mr. Clyne in 1815 constituted a complete and absolute mortis causâ disposition of his whole means and estate; the terms used reach a great deal farther than a mere disposition to his parents in the event of his predeceasing them. The condition annexed to the deed relates exclusively to the disposition to the parents; his predeceasing his parents was the only contingency upon which it was
Page: 82↓
The deed by Mr. Clyne constituted an effectual feudal conveyance, and might have been rendered effectual by an express nomination under it. Mr. Clyne's parents were the parties first named, on whose failure the destination to parties unnamed was to take effect An entail to A. B., whom failing to a series of heirs to be named, is a good entail, though A.B. should never take. Mr. Clyne expressly reserved power, in his deed of 1815, of naming the party who was to take after his parents, and that on death-bed. A deed not effectual as a conveyance may be sustained as a nomination, for the greater includes the less. Either the destination by Mr. Clyne to trustees to be nominated by himself was effectuated by the deed attempted to be reduced, or the nomination by his parents was equivalent to a nomination by himself. Mr. Clyne indicated his intention to exclude the respondent in a deed not challengeable as on death-bed, and having done so the respondent cannot object to his merely effectuating that previously declared intention. There is no essential distinction between a conveyance to trustees for purposes to be declared and a conveyance to parties to be named, because in the one case as much as in the other it requires the execution of another deed to exclude the heir. The heir will take in both cases, except for the execution of a subsequent deed.
The deed attempted to be reduced cannot operate as a revocation of the former deed. The revocation is not absolute. There is no evidence of intention to
Page: 83↓
(Second appeal.) The application for interim executions was irregularly made: 1. Because no copy of the petition of appeal was presented to the judges at the time the warrant was granted in terms of 48 Geo. 3. c. 151. s. 17. 2. Because the dues of Court were not paid. The respondent's privilege as a pauper ceased on his obtaining decree. 3. Because the powers given to the Court pending appeal are limited to the case where money has actually been expended in costs by or for behoof of the party, 48 Geo. 3. c. 151. s. 17. 4. The agent, being the party to receive the costs, is himself the cautioner for their repayment. 2
(Third appeal.) An order of service of an appeal by the House of Lords, and service following thereon, necessarily stops all procedure on the decree of the inferior Court until the appeal be decided. It has never been disputed that from the time at which the Court of last resort entertains and resolves to decide on an appeal, the case is altogether removed out of the jurisdiction of the Court below; that it remains in dependence before the higher tribunal; and that all
_________________ Footnote _________________
1
Colquhoun v. Colquhoun, 8th July 1831;
Brack v. Hogg, 23d Nov. 1827, 6 S. & D. 113;
Coutts v. Crawford, (12th June 1795,) as reversed, 2 Bligh, 655;
Mure v. Rae Mure, 15 D, B., & M., 581;
Rowand v. Walker, 15 D., B., & M., 563;
Kerr v. Vaughan, 24th Feb. 1829, 9 S. & D. 454;
Fordyce v. Cockburn, 5th July 1827, 5 S. & D. 897;
Willoch v. Auchterlony, 14th Dec. 1769, Mor. 5539; Pennicuick, 18th Jan. 1687, Mor. 3243; Cuninghame, 10th June 1748, Elch. Death-bed, No. 19. affirmed;
Anderson v. Fleming, 17th May 1833, 11 S. & D. 612.
2 Beveridge's Forms of Process, vol. ii. p. 640; Juridical Styles, 2d ed., vol. iii. t. 5. § 4. p. 881-2.
Page: 84↓
It has been already decided by this House that the statute 48 Geo. 3. c. 151. s. 17. does not deprive the party of his remedy by appeal against a decree for interim execution. In the case of Milne against Imlay, 25th January 1822 1, the judgment of the Court of Session having been appealed from to the House of Lords, and interim execution awarded to the successful party, Imlay appealed against the interlocutor awarding it. Milne presented a petition to the House of Lords, praying that the appeal might be dismissed as incompetent; but the House of Lords adjudged, “that the said appeal is competent,” and ordered that “the prayer of the said petition be not complied with.” A similar decision was given by the Committee of the House of Lords in the case of Clyne against Sclater, 7th August 1833 2, in which the competency of an appeal against interim execution was sustained. There is no case to be found on the records of this House in which the competency of such an appeal in the abstract has ever been decided in the negative.
Respondent's Argument.
Respondent.—The appeal is incompetent in respect that the judgments appealed from are interlocutory merely, and no leave to appeal has been asked or obtained from the Court below in terms of 48 Geo. 3. c.151. s. 15., and 6 Geo. 4. c. 120. s. 5.
The doctrine contended for by the appellants, if given effect to, would go entirely to subvert the law of
_________________ Footnote _________________
1
Milne v. Imlay, 25th Jan. 1822, 1 S. & B. 268.
Clyne v. Sclater, 13 S. & D. 1008.
Page: 85↓
The condition of Mr. Clyne's predecease in the deed of 1815 applies to the nominees of Mr. Clyne as well as to the other substitutes in the deed; and that condition never having been purified, it is plain that even an express deed of nomination by Mr. Clyne, executed in liege poustie, would have been totally inoperative.
The deed by Mr. Clyne's parents had reference only to their own property, and could not possibly operate as a nomination of disponees to the property of their son. If it could be assumed that it did so operate, then it would clearly have been revoked by the death-bed deed. But in fact both of the deeds of 1815 were absolutely non-existent at the time when the death-bed settlement was executed. Whether these deeds are considered as separate and independent settlements, or as linked together in the manner contended for by the appellants, still the effect is the same, —they were not legally in existence at the time referred to. The deed of the son had lapsed from the nonoccurrence of the event in which alone, whether as a separate or a conjunctive deed, it was to operate, namely, his predeceasing; and the deed of the parents had operated by carrying their property to the son, and had thereby become exhausted.
Mr. Clyne's intentions can only be collected from the deeds which he executed. If Mr. Clyne intended to exclude his heir, quod voluit non fecit.
(Second Appeal.) It has been expressly provided by the statute 48 Geo. 3. c. 151. s. 17., which regulates this
Page: 86↓
The obvious meaning of that clause is, that the matter of interim execution shall be left in the discretion of the Court of Session, that an appeal against any such order is incompetent, but that the House of Lords will consider and regulate that matter, on hearing the appeal against the principal judgment in the cause.
In the case of the Countess of Haddington v. Stein, 20th November 1811 1, the Court, pending an appeal against their decision in a suspension of a charge on a bill, granted warrant for interim execution, in favour of the charger. An appeal against this warrant was presented, and an order of service obtained and intimated; but it does not appear that the statutory incompetency of this appeal was brought under the notice of the House of Lords. The clerks in the Court below having had some difficulty in extracting the warrant in the face of the appeal, the charger applied to the Court to ordain them to give extract, and “the Court were of opinion that the second appeal was incompetent, and ordained the clerks to issue the extract.”
Although it may be true that a copy of the petition of appeal was not presented to each of the judges, yet it cannot be denied that a copy of the petition of appeal, duly certified by the clerk of parliament, was produced in process, and laid before the Court along with the petition for interim execution; and this is precisely in terms of the statute 48 Geo. 3. c. 151. s. 17.
_________________ Footnote _________________
1 Fac. Coll.
Page: 87↓
A party on the poor's roll must be held entitled to the statutory benefit of interim execution, unless he has been expressly excluded from that benefit by the terms of the statute itself. The statute makes no such exclusion, but, on the contrary, provides the benefit to all parties, whatever their circumstances may be, who are in possession of a decree of the Inferior Court for expenses.
(Third Appeal.) It is quite unquestionable, under the provision of the statute 48 Geo. 3. c. 151. s. 17. already referred to, that an appeal against interim execution does not stop execution in the Court below.
Ld. Chancellor's Speech.
The first appeal, (which is that which raises the question,) was objected to upon the ground of incompetency, inasmuch as it was alleged that the adjudication was upon a mere preliminary defence, and not touching the merits.
The facts, so far as it is necessary to consider that part of the case, are these:—
The pursuer (respondent), seeking to reduce a deed upon the ground of death-bed, is met by an allegation that there was another deed, a valid deed, which, if the latter deed were impeachable, would be a
Page: 88↓
bar to his claim,—namely, a deed of 1815, which it is alleged would equally preclude him from claiming the heritage; so that under those circumstances he would have no interest in impeaching the deed challenged upon the ground of death-bed. This was made the subject of preliminary pleas. The Lord Ordinary decided (which was afterwards affirmed by the Inner House), that that ought not to be treated as a preliminary defence, inasmuch as it went to the whole merits of the case, there being no doubt that the latter deed, the deed to be challenged, was a deed executed so recently before the death of the party as to be void, provided the heir was in a situation to be at liberty to challenge it. The whole case, therefore, turning upon the right of the pursuer, the heir, to challenge and reduce that death-bed deed, it was obvious that that embraced the whole matter in contest between the parties; and therefore the Court was of opinion that they ought not to treat it as a preliminary objection, but that it should be considered as constituting the whole substance and merits of the case. Upon this the defender put in pleas in law to the whole case, and repeated the objections which he had before made as preliminary objections.
Now, my Lords, the four pleas were these:—
“First, The pursuer is barred from challenging the deed libelled on, in consequence of the settlements executed by Mr. Clyne and his parents in 1815. These settlements were not absolutely revoked by the deed under reduction, but only in so far as they interfered with the last deed; so that if this settlement could be reduced by the pursuer the former settlements would revive.”
“Second, The pursuer has no real or
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The result, therefore, is, that upon these four pleas judgment has been given against the defender on the first and third. The second has been reserved for further investigation; and upon the fourth, which is merely raising a question upon the validity of the case set up by the plaintiff, no judgment has taken place. It is therefore undoubtedly an adjudication upon the merits, though an adjudication not exhausting the whole; that is to say, it is an adjudication upon part of the case, which in all probability will leave little or nothing to be hereafter adjudicated upon; but still it is an adjudication upon the merits of the whole case, the whole case being discussed by both parties.
Upon this state of the proceedings two questions were decided by the Court below. Two questions, therefore,
Page: 90↓
My Lords, it appears that the party deceased having certain property of his own, and his father and mother having certain property belonging to them, that this arrangement took place: the first deed which was executed was the deed of August 1815, by which David Clyne, the party deceased, disposed of his property in these terms:—
“In the event of my predeceasing my parents without leaving lawful heirs of my own body, I do hereby give, grant, assign, dispose, convey, and make over to and in favour of William Clyne, merchant in Thurso, my father, and Margaret Swanson his spouse, my mother, during their mutual lives, and to the longest liver of them two, and after the death of the longest liver to and in favour of any person or persons, or for such uses, ends, and purposes as I may name and appoint by any deed I may execute at any time of my life, and even on death-bed, and in case of my dying without having executed such deed, then to and in favour of such person or persons as shall be named and appointed in any deed that shall be executed (according to law or agreement
Page: 91↓
among themselves in such deed) by my said parents.” The fact which happened was, that the parents predeceased this David Clyne.
In the month of September in the same year a deed of disposition and settlement was executed by the father and mother; and they, although it is stated that they had no heritage, use terms which, if they had any, would have operated as a disposition in favour of David Clyne their son, and the heirs of his body; whom failing, in favour of other persons. The terms used are,—“property which shall belong to us, or either of us, at the time of our death.” That provides, therefore, for such property as they might have at a future time; and if the son had died before the parents, and the parents had become possessed of the property, which in that event was destined to them by his deed of August 1815, their deed might have operated upon property so passed to them; but the facts are, that the father and mother died before the son, the consequence of which may be, that the deed of 1815 failed to have any operation at all, being entirely conditional, namely, made in the event of his predeceasing his parents; that, however, is a matter of contest at the bar. But one point cannot be a matter of contest, namely, that the estate to be acquired by the parents was conditional upon their surviving their son, and that by the death of the parents before the son that disposition in their favour fails; and another point will be equally clear, that the power intended to be given to the parents over the estate was also conditional, and could only operate in the event of their being possessed of that estate, which they were to have only in the event of their surviving their son.
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The first points therefore, contended for, namely, that these two instruments operated, in the event that happened, to disinherit the heir, and that the heir therefore would have no title even if the death-bed deed had had no existence at all, I apprehend wholly fails; and therefore that impediment is removed out of the way of the heir, and he therefore stands in the situation of being a party interested in disputing the validity of the death-bed deed, the prior deeds not being of a nature to deprive him of the right of heirship.
My Lords, then it is said that that being so, although the second deed, namely, the disposition by the parents, cannot be considered as operating upon this property so as to remove the title of the heir; still the deed of August 1815 is a disposition of the heritage, and as such is not open to the objections that are made by law to death-bed deeds. That was the ground principally contended for by the appellant. That argument is founded upon this supposed state of the law, namely, that a party, although he cannot dispose of his estate within sixty days of his death, may execute a deed beyond the limited time, and that then he may, by a deed within sixty days, do that which would perfect that instrument; and in the course of that argument cases were cited to show, that by the law of Scotland, if the whole heritage,—the feudal title, is disposed of by a deed not objectionable upon the ground of death-bed, the trusts may be declared by a deed within the period, or by a will executed in England and according to English forms.
My Lords, I apprehend that those cases have no reference to the present, because in those cases the whole feudal title was complete by the original deed;
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One case, and one case only, was referred to, which seemed to open any argument upon the ground contended for, and that was the case of Fordyce.
1 Now the case of Fordyce was this: A party, by a deed not objectionable upon the ground of death-bed, had conveyed his estate to trustees, of whom a Mr. Cockburn was the survivor; afterwards a will was made, professing to give the estate to the same Mr. Cockburn and another trustee. That other trustee predeceased Mr. Cockburn, so that at that time Mr. Cockburn was the surviving trustee named in the will; and it was contended at the bar, that, being the trustee named in the will, he had asserted a title to the estate in that character, and that title was recognized; but, upon examination, it turns out that Mr. Cockburn's title was as trustee named in
_________________ Footnote _________________
1
5th July 1827, 5 S. & D. 897.
Page: 94↓
My Lords, a case was referred to, namely, that of Crawfurd v. Coutts, 2 Bligh, p. 688, where Lord Eldon, (in discussing the question whether a death-bed deed revoking a former settlement, and professing to dispose of the property, can be bad as to the disposition, but good as to the revocation, so as to let in the heir,) puts this case, which I think your Lordships will see is identical with the present: He says, “In Scotland no man can make a valid liege poustie deed in this form: “Know all men by these presents, that I do hereby reserve a power to dispose of my estate at any time of my life, et etiam in articulo mortis.” The liege poustie deed must be some actual deed of disposition existing at the death of the grantor.” My Lords, the argument here is, that the party has said precisely what Lord Eldon supposed a party to say, namely, by the language of the deed of August 1815, “I hereby dispone of my estate to such persons as I may hereafter name.” No disponee being named you must look, therefore, to the death-bed deed for the disponee. It is, therefore, neither more nor less than what Lord Eldon supposes the party to say:
“I hereby reserve a power to dispose of my estate at any time of my life, et etiam in articulo mortis.”
There is no instrument existing anterior to that death-bed deed which disposes of the heritage; there can be no disposition of the heritage without a disponee. There is no existing instrument which can take the title from the heir, unless you have recourse to the death-bed deed, which is now challenged.
Page: 95↓
My Lords, if, therefore, the case and the arguments raised at your Lordships bar rested upon those two deeds alone, I should have no hesitation in advising your Lordships that the judgment of the Court below should be affirmed; but there is another ground alluded to in the short note 1 which we have of the opinions of the Learned Judges below, and I cannot, therefore, entirely pass that over. According to the argument contended for by the defenders the effect of the deed of August 1815 would be this,—to reserve to himself the power on his death-bed of naming the disponee. To carry that intention into effect one would expect to find a deed performing that service, either referring or not referring to the prior deed (it is not absolutely necessary to refer to it), and naming the disponee to take under the prior disposition. Instead of that we have a deed in which the party states that it is necessary to make alterations in his settlement; and he proceeds actually to dispose of and convey his estate, without reference to any power reserved to him, and not only without reference, which would not be necessary, but the deed actually revokes the former deed so far as that is inconsistent with the present: in fact that deed is absolutely and entirely inconsistent with the death-bed deed. According to the argument he would have nothing to do but to name the disponee; instead of which he conveys and disposes de novo, and recals the former deed so far as that is inconsistent with the latter deed.
My Lords, it was said, when I suggested that to the learned counsel at the bar, that that objection ought to be taken with a good deal of caution, because it had
_________________ Footnote _________________
1 15 D., B., & M., 915.
Page: 96↓
“It may be objected to this argument, that Mr. Clyne intended to make a new deed, not to exercise a faculty reserved in a former one. The defenders would reply, in the first place, that it was decided, in the case of Willoch v. Auchterlony, that such a faculty may be exercised without a special reference to it. But farther, the greater includes the less. It was meant both for a disposition and a nomination. It may stand for a nomination, just as it will stand as a testament, although as a disposition it should be reducible, and, as the deed of 1815 is declared to be revoked only so far as inconsistent with that of 1833,” &c.
That very point is raised; and when the Learned Judges below are found expressing an opinion that the deed of August 1815 was absolutely revoked, they were perfectly warranted in that opinion.
My Lords, this, in my view of the case, would exhaust the first appeal, with one exception, to which I am about to call your Lordships attention. It would also dispose of the matter as far as relates to the merits. But I cannot but observe that this appeal also includes a great variety of interlocutors; I believe there are not less than twenty called in question by these appeals. Three interlocutors are appealed from which relate to the pursuer being upon the poor's roll. The counsel at your Lordships bar have had sense and discretion enough not to advert to that point at all; I cannot but
_________________ Footnote _________________
1 Morr. 5539.
Page: 97↓
My Lords, the second and third appeals are open to very much the same observations, the Court below having decided in favour of the pursuer, to the extent to which their decision goes, under the authority of an act of parliament which directed that there should be a payment of the expenses decreed, notwithstanding an appeal. My Lords, that was made a matter of appeal, and the appeal was attempted to be supported on the grounds, first of all, that there was no printed copy of the appeal appended to the proceedings below.
Now, there was a copy of the appeal; that is not in dispute; and the whole argument is, whether there should be a printed copy, there being nothing in the act of parliament requiring that a copy should be printed. The party being poor and suing in formâ pauperis every unnecessary expense was very properly avoided; and the Judges were informed of the appeal, as the act of parliament requires, by having a copy of the appeal presented to them, but the party did not think proper to incur the expense of printing it, and that is made a subject of appeal to your Lordships House.
There is another ground, and one only, I understand, upon which that appeal is attempted to be supported; namely, that the order is for payment of costs incurred. They say that the party was suing in formâ pauperis, and he could therefore have no costs incurred; just as if any party, whether suing in forma pauperis or not, could prosecute any appeal without incurring some expense. It was endeavoured to draw into discussion the amount of some of the charges in the bill of costs; the learned counsel's attention was drawn to that, and
Page: 98↓
The question as to directing interim execution or withholding it is entirely left to the discretion of the Court; they are to have the whole case brought before them, and they are to have liberty, if they think proper, to direct interim execution.
My Lords, the Court having decided against the case made by the defenders to withhold this interim execution, they were not satisfied with that decision, and appealed to your Lordships House. They then brought two bills of suspension; the first, the Lord Ordinary decided against,—that was abandoned; and then they brought another, which was brought into the Inner House. The ground of suspension was this: that having appealed against the order of interim execution, it was not competent for the parties to proceed any further; that is to say, that the act of parliament giving the Court a power at their discretion to award interim execution, and the party being dissatisfied with that order, and appealing against it, that second appeal acted as an estoppel. If that had been so it would obviously have had the effect of destroying the discretionary power granted to the Court; but the act of parliament very wisely guarded against that, and by the 18th section it provides, that no appeal against such an interim order shall stay process: the provisions of the
Page: 99↓
My Lords, these two last appeals were for a long time undefended; the party did not appear; and no doubt the appellants would have been in a situation to have had the case heard ex parte,—certainly without any probability of success; and it may have been upon the certainty that the respondent, namely, the pursuer, felt that this House never would assent to the proposition of the appellants, that he abstained from appearing to defend those two appeals. In point of fact, he never did appear till the case was actually called on at your Lordships bar; then the pursuer, the respondent, did appear, and having printed his cases asked leave to present those cases. Your Lordships finding that he was actually there, and that no delay was asked, thought it more advisable to give him the opportunity of appearing than to hear the case ex parte,—your Lordships at that time not knowing the nature of the case, which if your Lordships had, you would not probably have thought it necessary that any party should appear to resist those appeals. Now the question is, whether, as those appeals, if the respondent had appeared regularly, would unquestionably, I apprehend, have been dismissed with costs,—whether under those circumstances it is proper that your Lordships should dismiss these appeals with costs. Upon the merits they ought no doubt to be dismissed with costs; but the only ground upon which your Lordships would pause before giving an
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Ld. Brougham's Speech.
The importance of questions relating to the law of death-bed, whether to the application of the law in particular cases, or to the nature and constitution of the law itself, is manifest, and it is considerable. It is a peculiarity in Scottish jurisprudence, and it is a peculiarity which appears to me most useful and honourable to that system of jurisprudence that distinguishes it from ours and from all others. Our law throws a protection round the death-bed of parties, by requiring certain solemnities to be observed before they can pass real estate,—formerly their real estate only,—now, by
Page: 101↓
Page: 102↓
Such being the general law, in construing any particular matter with a view to ascertain whether it comes within it or not, we are to keep the purpose and intention of the law constantly and steadily in view, in order to see whether or not the law applies in the manner asserted. Now, it is a law for the protection of the heir at law; hence the first conclusion is, that nobody but the heir at law has a right to avail himself of it to reduce ex capite lecti. Hence a second proposition follows,—that if the heir at law has been already validly excluded, cadit questio, there is an end of the reductio ex capite lecti; he has no interest and therefore no locus standi. But if the deed set up is of such a nature as that it does not exclude the heir, then the law of death-bed applies. Hence a third proposition of necessity follows,—that no man can make, while in liege poustie, such a deed as shall exclude the heir generally, by merely indicating an intention on his part to work an exclusion of the heir. The exclusion must not only be intended by the maker of the deed, but it must be executed; the heir at law must be effectually excluded; and the intention to exclude him is good for nothing unless the exclusion is operated and effected against him. Hence it is perfectly clear,—I can hardly say as a
Page: 103↓
But, my Lords, I must add, that it is not at all necessary for the disposing of the present case that I should affirm or prove the latter of these propositions;
Page: 104↓
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1 7 W. 4. and 1 Vict. c. 26.
Page: 105↓
“Under a trust disposition of heritable property, with reserved power to regulate the administration of the trustees and the application of the trust estate by a testamentary deed”
—(now he clearly means here testamentary, as contradistinguished from liege poustie, that is to say, a deed within the sixty days,)—“by a testamentary deed containing a special declaration of uses and purposes, or directing the payment of legacies, donations, &c., such a testament, if executed in liege poustie, will effectually exclude all challenge by the heir, notwithstanding the trust deed was an undelivered document.” But he goes on to say, “And where the trust conveyance so disposes of the primary interest in the estate”— (what he means by the primary interest is what we should call the legal estate)—“as by its own force, in default of exercise of the reserved power, to exclude the heir at law, the reserved power may be exercised even on death-bed.” Why? Because the primary interest, the legal estate, has been validly taken out of the heir at law by the first deed, the valid deed in liege poustie, and consequently the
_________________ Footnote _________________
1 Ersk. (Ivory's Ed.) b. 3. tit. 8. sect. 98. n. 549.
Page: 106↓
Now, my Lords, such being the principles upon which this law is framed, and upon which it is to be applied casibus omnibus, I have now simply to state to your Lordships my opinion upon the present case, by referring to the very distinct statement of my noble and learned friend of the facts of the case, where those facts are totally undisputed. Upon one point your Lordships may observe there is a difference, namely, whether the construction of this deed, taking it altogether, is such as to make it founded upon the event of predecease. But upon the other point, the more essential point of the two, there is no dispute, nor can there be any dispute; I allude to the two deeds, the one of August and the other of September in the year 1815, and which are both of them liege poustie deeds:
“I, David Clyne, solicitor in the Supreme Courts of Scotland, in the event of my predeceasing my parents without leaving lawful heirs of my own body, do hereby give,”
and so forth; and then he adds a disposition to his father and mother during their joint lives, and to the longer liver, “and after the death of the longer liver to and in favour of any person or persons, or for such uses, ends, and purposes, as I may name and appoint by any deed I may execute at any time of my life, and even on death-bed; and in case of my dying without having executed such deed, then to and in favour of such person or persons as shall be named and appointed in any deed that shall be executed (according to law or agreement between themselves in such deed) by my said parents.”
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Now, this I take to be perfectly undeniable, that two events must concur, two facts must happen. I know that taking it altogether a dispute has been raised upon this, but I hold it to be quite clear that two facts must concur, that two events must happen, before this deed can have any operation at all. What are these two events? That the son, the maker of the deed, shall predecease his parents, and that he shall predecease his parents without issue. Then a third event must be added to these two before the operation of the September deed can take place, that is to say, before there shall be any thing upon which that deed, whatever it is, can operate,—before that can exist,—before that can come in use as a subject matter for the parents deed to work upon. What is that third event? His predeceasing is the first; his predeceasing without leaving a lawful heir of his own body is the second; his dying without executing any deed himself is the third. These three events must all concur: his predecease,—his predecease without issue,—his predecease without issue and without any appointment, without executing any deed himself. All these must concur before the parents can have any one thing upon which their deed operates.
Now, my Lords, in the year 1828 the father dies; in 1829 the mother dies; in 1833 the maker of the deed dies; consequently there is an end of the first material event—the corner stone of the whole of this conveyance,—it all falls to the ground,—for instead of predeceasing them he survived them both. It is not material whether he executed any disposition or not; it is immaterial whether he died without heirs; the predecease never happened.
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Now, it has been contended, that the first condition did not override the whole case; but has it ever been contended that it does not override the father's and mother's deed? The father and mother execute a power. Upon what to operate? Upon the estate of the son. There were other estates upon which it was to operate, independent of the estate of the son, but it could only have any thing to operate upon in the son's estate, in the event of the son's predecease; but they predecease, and therefore it has nothing to operate upon.
My Lords, these are the short grounds upon which I hold that the heir is not excluded here from suing, and upon which I also hold that the law of death-bed here plainly applies. I find that in the Court below, though we have not a very full account (as we have often to lament) here of what passed, we have a very distinct statement, a very intelligible and concise statement, of the reasons of the Learned Judge Lord Glenlee, than whom a more able and learned judge never was upon that or any other bench, in which he says, alluding to the arguments at the bar, “If it had been distinctly made out that the pursuer was barred by a subsisting deed”—there was no subsisting deed, for there was nothing for it to operate upon,—“which would have prevented his claim on the reduction of the death-bed deed, the defenders might have succeeded in their argument; but it has not been made out that such deed was in existence at the date of the last settlement, and therefore the pursuer is not prevented from claiming.”
_________________ Footnote _________________
1 15 D., B., and M., 915.
Page: 109↓
With respect to the other causes, and also to a very great deal of the oppressive litigation in this cause among the eighteen or twenty interlocutors brought before us, I entirely concur with what my noble and learned friend has stated in expressing my great disapprobation, and I will go so far as to say my reprobation, of these proceedings. The first of these appeals ought to be dismissed with costs; that no man can doubt: I only have a doubt whether the second and third ought not also to be dismissed with costs. My first impression was, that they ought. My noble and learned friend has somewhat weakened that impression, by reminding me that it is barely possible that the defenders, the present appellants, if they had seen that the respondent was going to meet them, and that these two cases were not about to be set down and heard ex parte, might have thought better of it, and might not have proceeded. It ought to be observed, however, that that does not apply to any thing but the hearing, and that is to be considered. And for the purpose of further considering it I will beg my noble and learned friend to agree with me, that before finally saying whether or not the respondent should have the costs of the second and third appeals, we should take a day or two to consider that; because if costs would have been incurred by the respondent up to the moment of coming to the bar, all that the appellants at the last moment could have done might have been not to have had the appeals heard here.
Page: 110↓
Now my Lords, having disposed of those cases, it is fit that I should state an impression upon my mind, connected with the name of the most learned and venerable judge whose opinion I have just cited, I mean my Lord Glenlee, who has given a very concise, but a most correct and well grounded, judgment in this case, agreeing in every respect with that which your Lordships have now affirmed, and distinctly applying itself to the principal and main ground of the present affirmance. There never was upon any bench, in any country, a more reverend, a more able, a more learned judge. He is a man thoroughly imbued with the most profound, extensive, and masterly knowledge of all the jurisprudence of his own country, and of all the general principles upon which all systems of jurisprudence are grounded. He is a man whose knowledge is not confined to the jurisprudence of Scotland, or even to law in general, but he is one of the most profound scholars in all the most difficult branches of science to which the human faculties can be applied. I know that he has passed his days and his nights in those profound, most difficult, and most sublime investigations; I know that there exists not within the bounds of this country at this moment a man so deep a mathematician (I mention it to his honour) as he has been all his life in the horæ subsecivæ of his judicial profession;
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My Lords, I stand here to perform an act of justice, and of strict justice only, in giving vent to these sentiments of my mind. If there be any man who knows Scotch law better than I do,—if there be any man of any age, of any amount of experience, of any extent of inquiry, in any other place, who from his own personal observation has found reason to look down upon Lord Glenlee, to raise himself above him, and hold that he, this observer, is entitled to pass sentence upon the state of the faculties of that most able, most learned, and most venerable judge,—if any such person knows science so profoundly,—if any such person is so much better versed in Scotch law than the humble individual who now deems it his duty, and his painful duty, to address your Lordships in the performance of an act of strict justice alone,—if any such person, in any other place, shall have taken upon himself the office of pronouncing sentence upon the continuance or the discontinuance of the judicial capacity of that judge,—all I can say is, to that higher authority, to the superior illumination of mind, to the greater knowledge of law, to the larger, and more full endowment of science of that individual, I shall bow with the deference which is due to it from me. But until I am otherwise instructed, and until I have lost my memory, and until my faculties are gone, so that I shall no longer know right from wrong, or a sound judgment such as this, which your Lordships are now occupied in affirming with costs, upon the same grounds upon which he gave it,—or until I know not how to read a letter written three weeks ago upon a scientific topic, or think
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My Lords, an accident prevents your Lordships from having laid before you the testimony of other learned judges concurring in the same opinion. I have had correspondence, and very lately, with them too; and my noble and learned friend who immediately preceded me in the highest judicial office in this country was to have attended to-day for the express purpose of bearing his testimony, much more valuable than mine, to the continuing capacity of these learned judges to exercise the judicial office. Having accidentally not been present at the hearing of this particular cause, he did not think that he ought to come down (and I agree with him, though I lament his absence,) to take part in this interlocutory or rather accidental appendix to the judgment; but I have Lord Lyndhurst's authority for stating that his Lordship has been in recent correspondence with one or two of those learned and reverend judges, that he has been in recent correspondence with the chief of that Court, and that he gives it as his most decided and deliberate opinion, that the great faculties and enlarged mind of that illustrious person, the head of the Scottish law, are as I have described the others to be.
My Lords, it is no light matter to have such things as these fabricated, and such opinions, if I may dignify them by such a name,— things which merit no such respectable appellation, — to have such matter (to give it no more offensive name) vented, and vented in high places. Much depends upon the fancies of men,—much upon their casual impression: promulgate
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But, my Lords, it is no light matter to have judicial character carped at in such a way; and God forbid that I should ever live to see the day in this country when the conduct of judges should be attacked otherwise than in the manner that the laws and constitution of the realm have provided for its being attacked, namely, an address by both Houses of Parliament; that is the legal remedy,—that is the proper mode. What avails it to the independence of the bench, the most important of all the benefits which the constitution showers down upon us,—what avails it to the independence of the judicial character, that the law says that a judge shall not be removed during his life, and during his good behaviour, if he is to be flung at, if he is to be attacked, if he is to be held up to derision and contempt, more unbearable than public hatred and scorn itself, as one who has survived his intellects, and who sits upon the bench that he can no longer adorn, in order that by neglecting his judicial duties, by filling the place which an abler and
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My Lords, I have filled the highest judicial office in this country for a longer period of time than any man now living. Had my noble and learned predecessor, who filled it so much longer, the late Lord Eldon, been alive, I should not have been the person to deliver these sentiments before your Lordships. No man better knew than he the great faculties and extraordinary merits of those learned and reverend persons; but he is now taken from us, and the duty devolves upon me, which I have now painfully performed before your Lordships, except that no man ought ever to feel any pain while he knows that he is conscientiously discharging an important duty. It is your Lordships bounden duty, as you have now and then to reverse the judgments of the Court below,—as you have occasionally to differ from those learned judges,—(and you have always respectfully expressed that difference of opinion, and always reluctantly altered their judgments,)—so it is your bounden duty, as it is your special and your precious privilege, to defend, to sustain, to protect those learned judges when you know that they are so foully, falsely, and most unjustifiably assailed. I have received a letter from
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My Lords, in the case of Gordon v. Clyne, in which there were three appeals, your Lordships have some doubt with respect to the costs of the second and third appeals. Your Lordships disapproved of the proceedings of the party in bringing those appeals; but as there had been no appearance made for the respondent until the case came on for hearing, the consequence was, that it might naturally enough be said by the appellants, non constat that we should have gone on had we known that the other party meant to defend; and consequently the delay of the respondent in making that appearance, although not blameable in him, considering the poverty of the client, who sued in formâ pauperis, nevertheless has the effect of raising a defence against costs on the part of the appellants. In order to consider whether it was possible to overcome this objection, which at first appeared almost insuperable, it was agreed that we should postpone that only point for the consideration of the House for a few days. My noble and learned friend and I have agreed upon the subject, that we do not find that we can overcome that difficulty; and therefore, however reluctant we are, and confessing our reluctance to refuse the costs, we find that we have no other course open to us. As to the costs of the first appeal there can be no doubt, and those have been already disposed of.
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First appeal.
The House of Lords ordered and adjudged, That the said petition and appeal be and is hereby dismissed this House; and that the said interlocutors, so far as therein complained of, be and the same are hereby affirmed, with costs, to be paid to the respondent within one calendar month.
Second appeal.
The House of Lords ordered and adjudged, That the said petition and appeal be and is hereby dismissed this House; and that the said interlocutors, so far as therein complained of, be and the same are hereby affirmed.
Third appeal.
The House of Lords ordered and adjudged, That the said petition and appeal be and is hereby dismissed this House; and that the said interlocutors, so far as therein complained of, be and the same are hereby affirmed.
Solicitors: Deans and Dunlop — John Alison, Solicitors.
