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United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions |
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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions >> AYR Steam Shipping Co., Ltd v. Lendrum [1914] UKHL 733 (17 July 1914) URL: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1914/51SLR0733.html Cite as: 51 ScotLR 733, [1914] UKHL 733 |
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Page: 733↓
(Before
(In the Court of Session, Decembers, 1912, 50 S.L.R. 173, and 1913 S.C. 331.)
Subject_Master and Servant — Workmen's Compensation Act 1906 (6 Edw. VII, cap. 58), sec. 1 (1) — “Arising Out of and in the Course of the Employment” — Onus of Proof — Unexplained Drowning of Ship's Steward.
Master and Servant — Workmen's Compensation Acts — Process — Stated Case — Remit.
Circumstances in which held ( diss. Lords Dunedin and Atkinson, and rev. judgment of the Second Division) that an award of compensation by an arbiter in a workmen's compensation case, where the workman, a ship's steward, was last seen alive in his bunk, and was found drowned next day near where his ship had been lying, should be sustained, inasmuch as a reasonable man might have drawn the inference that his death resulted from an accident arising out of and in the course of his employment.
Per Earl Loreburn, in a case under the Workmen's Compensation Act 1906—“Where a case is stated incompletely or ambiguously a court may remit for further information.… A remit is not intended to assist the court in substituting itself for the arbiter.”
This case is reported ante ut supra.
The applicants Mrs Lendrum and her son appealed to the House of Lords.
At delivering judgment—
The deceased was steward on a ship lying in harbour. He was lying in his bunk. The captain told him to get tea ready for the men. The next thing known is that he disappeared, and was found some time later drowned in the sea. He was sober. He was subject to nausea. The bulwarks were 3 feet 5 inches above the deck. These are to my mind the material facts found by the arbiter in the case stated.
This class of case has led to much refinement.
Page: 734↓
Nor am I impressed by arguments proceeding upon a comparison between the facts of one case and the facts of another. Precedents are valuable and authoritative when they lay down a principle. They are otherwise merely illustrations of the way in which judges look at facts. Unfortunately judges are human like other people, and different judges look at facts differently. Nothing has struck me more than this circumstance. When the question is whether or not an arbiter, as a reasonable man, could arrive at a particular conclusion, I find that in some instances courts have held that he could not, while some of the judges have actually agreed in the conclusion. That is my position to-day. I hope I am a reasonable man, but if I had been the arbiter I should, on the facts that he has found, have come to exactly the same conclusion. I think the moral is that we should regard these awards in a very broad way, and constantly remember that we are not the tribunal to decide. I shall always be slow to say that no reasonable person could think differently from myself.
This man was in his bed, and a few minutes afterwards he was in the water. Murder is negatived; suicide is negatived. He was on the ship, a place of some danger if you are careless, in pursuance of his duty. It was not found that he had withdrawn himself from his duty. I really do not know whether he fell overboard because he was trying to vomit over the ship's side. I think he must have fallen over by accident while on board as his duty required. But my opinion is not the point. The point is that the arbiter took that view, and though I could understand his taking a different view I think there was evidence which justified him in inferring that the man died by accident arising out of his employment. It surely cannot be necessary to show either the particular way in which he fell or the particular thing he was doing when he fell. An applicant has to prove his case, but he is not required to demonstrate his case or to exclude by evidence every possibility that may be suggested.
Accordingly I think this appeal should be allowed. I desire to add a few words about the remit. Where a case is stated incompletely or ambiguously a court may remit for further information. But I think that here the remit went beyond that. Among other things it asked some questions which must have been suggested at the Bar from perusal of the evidence, the answers to which would not affect the question whether or not there was sufficient evidence to support the award. A remit is not intended to assist the Court in substituting itself for the arbiter.
Now I concur that in this case the remit was directed to matters that were really not relevant or bearing upon the important facts.
In this case the widow of Edward Lendrum deceased, and Edward Lendrum her son, sued the respondents under the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1906 to recover compensation in respect of the death on the 16th December 1911 of the deceased, alleged to have been caused by an accident arising out of and in the course of his employment as a steward in a ship of the appellant company's named the “Turnberry.” The arbitrator, the Sheriff-Substitute, has found in favour of the applicants' claim—(1) that the deceased met his death by an accident arising out of his employment, and (2) that he met with this accident in the course of his employment; and the question of law put by the arbitrator in the Special Case stated for the opinion of the Second Division is, to use his own language, whether on the facts admitted and proved he was justified in so finding. By the word “justified” he must on the authorities be held, I think, to have meant whether upon the evidence in the case his findings on these two points were conclusions which as a reasonable man he might in good faith have arrived at. It is not disputed that the employment of the deceased was a continuous employment, as distinguished from an intermittent employment. In my view, however, that consideration is wholly immaterial. Whether a workman's employment be continuous or intermittent, those claiming compensation in respect of his death are bound to prove that the death resulted from an injury by accident arising out of and in the course of the workman's employment. That burden of proof is as heavy in the one case as in the other, and it must be discharged by the same means and according to the same rules of evidence in the one case as in the other. It is not, I think, legitimate in the case of a continuous employment, any more than it would be in the case of an intermittent employment, if suicide and external violence be negatived, as it was said, to assume that an unexplained accident, as it has been styled, arose out of the workman's employment. By an unexplained accident in this connection I mean an accident as to which the evidence does not show how it occurred,
Page: 735↓
I think the case of Wakelin v. The London and South-Western Railway Company, which has been so often referred to ( 12 Appeal Cases 411), decided by Lords Halsbury, Watson, Blackburn, and Fitzgerald, has a bearing upon this case. There the action was brought against the Railway Company for so negligently and unskilfully driving their train across a certain level-crossing, and so neglecting to take precautions in respect of the train at the level-crossing, that the train struck and killed the plaintiff's husband, whose dead body was found near the level-crossing in a condition which showed that he was struck by the passing train. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff. It was necessary for the plaintiff to show that the company were guilty of negligence which caused her husband's death. It was assumed for the purpose of the decision that the company had been guilty of negligence in not whistling as the train approached the level-crossing, but it was held that there was no evidence to connect that negligence with the accident, that there was therefore no case to go to the jury, and that the company were not liable. Lord Halsbury, at page 45 of the report, is reported to have expressed himself thus—“In this case I am unable to see any evidence to show how this unfortunate calamity occurred. One may surmise—and it is but surmise and not evidence—that the unfortunate man was knocked down by a passing train while on the level-crossing; but assuming in the plaintiff's favour that fact to be established, is there anything to show that the train ran over the man rather than the man ran against the train?” And Lord Watson, with whose judgment Lord Blackburn expressed his agreement at page 49 said—“The evidence appears to me to show that the injuries which caused the death of Henry Wakelin were occasioned by contact with an engine or train belonging to the respondents, and I am willing to assume, although I am by no means satisfied, that they, the company, were in certain respects negligent. The evidence goes no further. It affords ample material for conjecturing that the death may possibly have been occasioned by that negligence; but it furnishes no data from which an inference can reasonably be drawn that as a matter of fact it was so occasioned.”
I feel that I follow a good example in using the language of those noble Lords. I think the principle of that judgment applies to the present case. In this case, as in that, the claimant (the plaintiff or plaintiffs) was or were bound to produce evidence furnishing data from which an inference could reasonably be drawn as a matter of fact that the particular fact or circumstances from which liability arose existed. In that case this fact was the existence of negligence causing the injury. In the present case the fact is that the accident arose out of and in course of her husband's employment. If the evidence be equally consistent with the accident arising out of and in the course of their employment, and not arising out of and in the course of his employment, the burden of proof which lay upon the plaintiffs has not been discharged. If there be no evidence to support the affirmative issue rather than the negative, the evidence in truth becomes perfectly neutral. And the conclusions of the arbitrator, however confidently and positively asserted to be findings of fact, are in truth mere guesses or surmises, which, with equal justification and plausibility, might have taken quite an opposite form.
Now I turn to the evidence. This vessel, the “Turnberry,” was on the 16th December 1911 lying in the harbour of Larne. There is no evidence as to the state of the weather, or as to where or how the ship was moored, or whether she was motionless or to any extent labouring. A map of the ship was produced and proved, but beyond such evidence as this affords there is no evidence whatever as to the condition of the vessel's deck, whether it was slippery or encumbered, or dry and clear. From the map it appears that the rail of the bulwarks was 3 ft. 5 in. above the ship's deck, and it is found that the deceased man was 5 ft. 6 in. in stature. The deceased served the crew of the ship with breakfast in the usual way. The crew then rested. The ship was to sail at 6 p.m. on this day, and until shortly before that hour the deceased had no meal to prepare. It was customary for him to rest in the afternoon, especially on the afternoon of Saturday, as he would get little sleep on Friday night, when his work was heavy. From the map it appears that there is a deck-house on this vessel containing a saloon, an ill-ventilated room, containing the bunk in which the deceased slept, a pantry off this room, and a lavatory, which was the lavatory used by the deceased when on board. The room containing this bunk was entered directly from the saloon, and in going from it to the saloon the deceased would pass this lavatory. About four o'clock the captain of the ship went to the bunk of the deceased and told him to prepare tea for the crew before the ship sailed. Lendrum turned in his bunk, looked at the captain, but made no reply. The captain then saw that Lendrum had his waistcoat on, but could not tell whether he had his trousers or his coat on. Nor did he observe whether any of the clothes of the deceased were in the saloon. The captain, some time afterwards, sent the chief officer to see if Lendrum was preparing tea for the crew. This officer could not find him, and he and the captain went to search for him at about 5·30 p.m. and failed to find him, but they found, on a settee in the saloon, Lendrum's jacket, waistcoat, trousers, cap, necktie, collar, boots, purse and watch, the latter two of which were not in his clothes but on the settee beside his clothes. No underclothing was found. The body of the deceased, dressed in his underclothing, was found next day in the sea at a point between where the stern of the ship lay on the 16th of December and a certain neighbouring slip. It does not appear from the
Page: 736↓
In my view this case comes within the principle of Wakelin's case, and is distinguishable from Swansea Vale v. Rice (1912, A.C. 238), where an officer in a sick and giddy condition is sent to perform duties which would necessitate his being sometimes on the bridge of the ship and sometimes on the deck of the ship. I think it is also distinguishable from the case of Mackinnon v. Miller ( 1909 S.C. 373). There the deck of the ship was found to be greatly encumbered, the bulwarks were only 20 inches high, the passage along between those bulwarks and the engine-house was very narrow. The deck of the ship was in absolute darkness. The body of the deceased was found dressed in his ordinary sleeping clothes, his working clothes being laid beside his bunk. It would have been necessary for the deceased to have traversed this encumbered deck from the cabin where he slept to a fire hole forward used as a lavatory if he wanted to get to it for the purposes of nature, and if he tripped or made a false step the low bulwarks would have been more of a trap than a protection,
The rule as to the burden of proof may press hardly on some claims in cases such as these, as it does in other cases such as
Page: 737↓
Anything of that sort appears to me to be a procedure accompanied with some danger. I admit that it is right, and, indeed, in some circumstances it would be the duty of the Court of Session to clear up an ambiguity on the line mentioned by my noble and learned friend who preceded me. But I look with much disrelish upon any procedure which would go further than that. Because observe to what consequences it would lead. If the employers' counsel makes the statement that certain items of fact ought to have been stated which might affect the mind of the Court, I presume that common justice would dictate that in every case the counsel for the workman might say the same thing, and you would have an interminable series of discussions as to whether the learned Judge, charged by the Legislature with the duty of stating a case had with meticulous completeness stated all the particular facts leading up to his conclusions. I could imagine a procedure of that kind to be productive of inconvenience, sometimes to be accompanied by a distortion of the balance of evidence and never very likely to show confidence in the arbitrator.
In regard to the merits of the case I much regret the difference of opinion in your Lordships' House. I should state my main proposition thus—That we in this House are not considering whether we would have come to the same conclusion upon the facts stated as that at which the learned arbitrator has arrived. Our duty is a very different, a strikingly different one. It is to consider whether the arbitrator appointed to be the judge of the facts, and having the advantage of hearing and seeing the witnesses, has come to a conclusion, which conclusion could not have been reached by a reasonable man. Had I been the arbitrator, had the noble Earl on the Woolsack been the arbitrator, had my noble and learned friend on my left (Lord Parmoor) been the arbitrator, we should each of us have reached the same conclusion as that reached by the arbitrator in this case. Had my noble and learned friends opposite (Lords Dunedin and Atkinson), either of them, been the arbitrator they would have reached an opposite conclusion. I let it be freely granted that we are all reasonable men, and I will also freely grant that as such each of us is willing to concede of the others that the conclusions which we respectively reach on the same facts although quite opposite conclusions are such in each case as may have been reached by a reasonable man. I ask myself what right have we to deny similar treatment, not in this case to each other, but to the arbitrator set up by the Legislature to determine the facts in the first instance? I could conceive of no circumstance more luminously favourable to the proposition that we are not here determining evidence for ourselves, but we are settling the main proposition, and that alone, whether the arbitrator appointed by the Legislature has reached a conclusion as to which we here, differing among ourselves, are able to affirm that he could not have been a reasonable man in coming to that conclusion. So stated the proposition in favour of supporting this judgment seems to be completely self-destructive.
On the facts I will only say this—That I see no occasion to invoke authority. As we have experienced, authority in these cases is too often a source of much confusion. Because when you enter the region of authority in discussing propositions in fact so elementary and so simple as occur here, you are extremely apt as a court of law to be led by the temptation of legal formulæ into what is essentially a usurpation—that is to say, into the position of upsetting for a supposed legal reason something which exists and remains from beginning to end in the region of fact.
As I look at this case, a steward on board ship is lying in his bunk, and is ordered to leave his bunk to make tea for his comrades, and he leaves his bunk; all that is admitted. I infer that he left his bunk because he got an order to do so and obeyed it. Is that a surmise, or is it a conjecture? I am responsible, I observe, in some of these decisions for raising a distinction between an inference and a conjecture. The distinction is as broad as philosophy itself. It is, that an inference rests upon premises of fact, and a conjecture does not. Now when you come to the region of inference, no one has ever suggested that the inference should be in syllogistic form so that all the points of its premises shall with apt and exact completeness justify the conclusion reached. Whenever you are in the position of saying that what you are determining is what a reasonable man would have done, ex concessis you admit that you are in a region in which from premises, more or less ample, a conclusion may be reached in one direction or another. Accordingly being out of the syllogistic region and into the work-a-day region of inference from fact, I ask myself, was I wrong to infer that this steward when he obtained the order to go and make tea, he being then in his bunk, left his bunk in obedience to the order?
Next, what sort of a man was it who thus left his bunk? In the first place, he was a man subject to attacks of nausea and sickness;
Page: 738↓
It is precisely in those cases where I think the Legislature with great wisdom has said, let the man who sees and hears things at first hand and has to consider the main issue determine it for himself. He has determined it favourably to this proposition with which he concludes, that this man sustained his death by an accident arising out of his employment.
I will add now to the narrative which I have given these further facts—that it is conceded in this case, firstly, that insobriety is not proved; it is conceded, secondly, that suicide is not proved; and thirdly, it is conceded that homicide is not proved; and therefore insobriety, suicide, and homicide being out of the case, accident remains to a seaman occurring immediately after an order in circumstances which, if the order was normally conformed to, would place him exactly where he had been before, his constitution in the few days not having changed from one which was apt to be attacked by nausea and sickness.
Were it not that my noble and learned friends opposite differ from this, I should say that a fairer case upon the whole for the inference that this unfortunate man met his death by an accident arising out of his employment I could not conceive. There are no judicial differences in these cases greater, strange to say, than the differences between judges as to whether a reasonable man could have come to a certain conclusion; and I again repeat that if the arbitrator appointed by the Legislature has come to that conclusion, and if even among ourselves we differ with regard to it, how can we charge as against him appointed by the Legislature that his conclusion was so unreasonable that no court of law can support it?
It appears to me that to do so would be a usurpation upon the part of a court of law. I have used in more than one of these cases before the expression that courts of law must take care that they do not usurp a function consigned to another quarter. I think it would be usurpation, because it is making a court of law enter the arbitrament of fact, and in that arbitrament I think the arbitrator is the final judge unless the conclusion which he reaches can be declared to be so unreasonable as necessarily to involve its being upset.
I say no further on this case except that I view with satisfaction the judgment of Lord Guthrie, who appears, although he differs from myself in regard to the facts, to have taken what I humbly regard as the correct judicial view of this subject when he says that it was not for him to form a conclusion himself, but he says—“It appears to me that we”—that is, the Division of the Court—“are not asked to draw any inference. What we are asked to do is to consider whether a certain inference could be reasonably drawn.” I think that states the proposition with complete accuracy, and I cannot take upon myself the responsibility of saying that this arbitrator did not reasonably reach the inference to which he came.
I cannot, however, say that the case appears to me to be one of any serious difficulty, or that it requires a close analysis of the differing conceptions involved in inference and conjecture. I have found no assistance by reference to cases which depend on different circumstances.
The only question of law which arises on the appeal is the competency of the arbiter to make the award, which he has made in favour of the appellant. If he is competent to make the award, unless there are no relevant facts found by him which would support his conclusion, or the relevant facts found by him are of such a character that it is not possible for a reasonable man to come to the same conclusion. No question as to the weight of the evidence adduced before the arbiter, and on which his findings of fact are based, comes or can come before your Lordships. This House is not concerned with the evidence before the arbiter in any way, and I cannot think that in this respect this House can go behind the findings as stated in the Special Case. I agree with the protest made by counsel for the respondents against printing in the appendix the evidence taken before the arbiter, but no reference was attempted to be made to it in the course of the argument. The point of law to be determined depends upon the special circumstances of the particular case. I agree with what was said in this respect by Lord Dunedin in the case of Mackinnon—“It seems to me” (these are the words of his Lordship) “that each case must be dealt with on its own circumstances, and that inferences may be drawn from circumstances just as much as results may be arrived at from direct testimony.”
In this case the appellant was the wife of Lendrum, who was cook and steward of the s.s. “Turnberry” at the time when he was drowned. The first question for the determination of the arbiter is whether the drowning was an accident, as distinguished from violence or suicide. I cannot doubt that there are relevant facts on which it is competent for the arbiter to come to the conclusion that the death of Lendrum was due to accident. It is not challenged that the accident occurred in the course of Lendrum's employment, and the real objection, as stated in the able argument on behalf of the respondents, is that there is no evidence, or at least there is no relevant evidence, on which it is possible for the arbiter to come to the conclusion that the death of Lendrum
Page: 739↓
It is not necessary, after the full analysis by Lord Guthrie, to re-state the facts found by the arbiter on which he bases his decision, but there are special factors which appear to me conclusive in favour of the case for the appellant.
Lendrum was drowned while employed on a vessel, and his death therefore resulted from an accident which might naturally arise out of his employment. This consideration appears to me to answer the somewhat extravagant general propositions which it was said might result from upholding the claim of the appellant, and to bring the case within much narrower lines. It was further proved that shortly before the accident Lendrum was ordered by his captain to prepare and serve tea for the crew, and it was quite within the competency of the arbiter to infer that he left his bunk for the purpose of fulfilling this duty. It was also proved that he had never been seen by the captain of the ship to be the worse of intoxicating liquor, but was subject to attacks of nausea and sickness, and was seen on some occasions vomiting over the side of the ship. I can see nothing impossible in a reasonable person drawing the inference that the accident happened during a vomiting fit while Lendrum was carrying out the orders of his captain. There are other factors which point in the same direction, but I do not propose to carry the analysis further, since in my opinion it is not necessary to do so, so soon as the conclusion is found that the finding of the arbiter is not impossible on the recognised test.
I wish to express no opinion either way on the reasonableness of the finding in itself as long as it is a possible finding for a reasonable man. This consideration is not only, in my opinion, quite irrelevant, but to enter upon it in any form opens a door which should be kept shut.
I am of opinion the appeal should be allowed.
Now I admit that when I look at this particular remit I find certain facts in it which I consider of more than doubtful relevance. At the same time, the first two of the facts are facts upon which I think it was quite proper for the Court of Session to have the opinion of the Sheriff, because they bore directly on the fact whether there was evidence upon which he could go or not, and I should have rather hesitated to express myself as strongly as some of your Lordships have done, because although I admit that I do not myself see the relevance of other facts, yet we do not know the precise reasons that made the learned Judges give the remit upon that point, and I hesitate to condemn them unheard. And in particular I would say this—first, that I do not see how it is possible that the learned Judges should discover that the case is incomplete except upon the statements of counsel who are before them; and, secondly, so far as I know by experience, the motions
Page: 740↓
Now, having said so much upon the remit, I do not propose to trouble your Lordships with any views of mine upon the general question. I had to consider the matter in the case of Mackinnon v. Miller, 46 S.L.R. 299—a case which I apprehend none of your Lordships disagree with, and I refer to my judgment in that case. The conclusion that I came to of the criterion, as it is not long, I shall here repeat. I said in that case, and I repeat it in this—“It seems to me that each case must be dealt with and decided upon its own circumstances, and that inferences may be drawn from circumstances just as much as results may be arrived at by direct testimony;” and then in that case I went on to say—“Here the learned Sheriff-Substitute cannot be said to have drawn an inference which no reasonable man could draw, and that being so, that it is not for your Lordships to interfere with his decision.” Now that criterion commends itself to all your Lordships, because you have really expressed the same thing in other, and I doubt not, in better words.
I am bound to say that if the matter was open to me I should agree—in fact I do agree—with the views of my noble and learned friend beside me (Lord Atkinson), and if I may say so, I feel still more certain of this, that if I had been sitting in the Second Division I should have come to the same conclusion as they did, and I should have come to that conclusion, not so much upon what I thought myself, but because I should have thought I was loyally carrying out the views of the House of Lords as expressed in Marshall v. “The Wild Rose,” [1910] AC 486, 48 S.L.R. 701, and more particularly would I have thought I should have carried out the views of my noble and learned friend opposite, because I agree that his argument in one sense cannot be controverted. I quite agree that, taking the criterion as I have set it down, I admit myself out of Court when three of your Lordships say that you would have came to the same conclusion as the arbitrator. I can only say that I look in vain for any evidence in this case. It all turns upon one point, whether there is any evidence which, so to speak, associates this man's duty with his being at the side of the ship. I can find none. I say no more, because my noble and learned friend beside me has dealt at length with that matter. I should not even have dissented were it not for this, that although the opinion of my noble and learned friend beside me and myself cannot influence the decision of your Lordships, at least I hope it may serve as a hint to some arbitrators that they really must go upon facts and not confine themselves to guesses.
Their Lordships reversed, with expenses, the interlocutor appealed against.
Counsel for the Appellants— Clement Edwards, M.P.— Wetenhall. Agents— J. & A. B. Boyd, Ayr—Lindsay, Cook, & Dickson, S.S.C., Edinburgh— Alexander Smith, London.
Counsel for the Respondents— Horne, K.C.— Alex. Neilson. Agents— Maclay, Murray, & Spens, Glasgow— J. & J. Ross, W.S., Edinburgh— Botterell & Roche, London.
