I, JOSEPH BRENNAN, Minister for Labour, in exercise of the powers conferred on me by sections 6 , 20 , 71 and 99 of the Factories Act, 1955 (No. 10 of 1955), and the Labour (Transfer of Departmental Administration and Ministerial Functions) Order, 1966 ( S.I. No. 164 of 1966 ), after consultation with the Minister for Health, and after due compliance with the provisions of the Third Schedule to that Act, hereby make as special regulations the following regulations:

PART I PRELIMINARY AND GENERAL

1. (1) These Regulations may be cited as the Factories Ionising Radiations (Unsealed Radioactive Substances) Regulations, 1972.

(2) These Regulations shall come into operation on the 1st Day of December, 1972.

2 . In these Regulations

"the Act" means the Factories Act, 1955 , (No. 10 of 1955);

"active area" means a part of a factory, other than a tracer area or the inside of a total enclosure or of a fume cupboard, in which any operation involving the manipulation or use of any radioactive substance is carried on as a result of which there is, or under normal operating conditions is liable to be,--

(a) contamination to a level in excess of the levels specified for category D in the Second Schedule to these Regulations, or

(b) airborne or gaseous radioactive substance in the atmosphere to such an extent that persons employed in the area are likely to inhale, ingest or absorb a significant amount;

"adequate shielding" means shielding or a demarcating barrier outside which the radiation dose rate averaged over any one minute does not exceed 0.75 millirems per hour or where only classified workers are affected 2.5 millirems per hour;

"appointed doctor" means--

(a) any certifying Doctor,

(i) in relation to any factory to which Regulation 4 (4) applies,

(ii) in relation to any factory to which Regulation 4 (5) applies in connection with the implementation of any arrangements made thereunder with employers of classified workers,

(iii) in relation to any medical examination required in pursuance of Regulation 29 (1) (a), and

(b) in relation to any other factory and any other medical examination the certifying doctor for the district in which the factory is situated or a registered medical practitioner specially appointed by written certificate of the Minister to be appointed doctor for the factory for the purposes of these Regulations;

"approved" (save where the context otherwise requires) means approved for the time being by the Minister;

"article" includes a part of an article;

"authorised person" means a person for the time being authorised in writing by the occupier of a factory;

"calendar quarter" means a period of three calendar months beginning on the 1st day of January, the 1st day of April, the 1st day of July, or the 1st day of October;

"classified worker" has the meaning assigned to it in Regulation 20 (1);

"clothing" means any clothing other than personal protective equipment;

"competent person" means a person appointed in pursuance of Regulation 9;

"contamination" means the contamination by any unsealed radioactive substance of any surface (including any surface of the body and clothing) or any part of absorbent objects or materials and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly;

"decontamination area" means a part of a factory, not being an active area, in which the only work with radioactive substances carried on is the decontamination of objects contaminated to a level in excess of the levels specified for category D in the Second Schedule to these Regulations and work in connection with such decontamination;

"factory" includes any premises or place to which the provisions of Part V of the Act with respect to special regulations for safety and health are applied as if it were a factory;

"fume cupboard" means a partial enclosure--

(a) having mechanical means of producing at any opening between it and the workplace a flow of air into it which has a velocity (being in any event a velocity not less than 50 centimeters per second) and is otherwise such as to prevent the spread of radioactive substances from the enclosure into the workplace, and

(b) where the said flow of air is not kept in constant operation, provided with a shutter which is kept in its closed position when the flow of air is not in operation and which is such that when the shutter is in its closed position the enclosure is a total enclosure;

"health register" means the register referred to in Regulation 35;

"ionising radiations" means electromagnetic radiation (that is to say, X-rays and gamma rays) or corpuscular radiation (that is to say, alpha particles, beta particles, electrons, positrons, protons, neutrons, or heavy particles) being electromagnetic radiation or corpuscular radiation capable of producing ions and emitted from a radioactive substance or from a machine or apparatus that is intended to produce ionising radiations or from a machine or apparatus in which charged particles are accelerated by a voltage of not less than five kilovolts;

"the Minister" means the Minister for Labour;

"monitoring" means measuring in accordance with Regulation 54 and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly;

"nuclear energy" means the energy released from atomic nuclei as the result of any process, including the fission process, but does not include energy released in any process of natural transmutation or radioactive decay which is not accelerated or influenced by external means;

"nuclear reactor" means any plant (including any machinery, equipment or appliance, whether affixed to land or not) designed or adapted for the production of nuclear energy by a fission process in which a controlled chain reaction can be maintained without an additional source of neutrons;

"personal protective equipment" means any clothes or appliances intended to be worn on the person and provided under these Regulations to prevent the inhalation, ingestion or other absorption into the body of unsealed radioactive substances or to prevent contamination of the person or of the clothing;

"protected employment" means employment in relation to which requirements are for the time being imposed under the Act for recording the radiation doses received by the persons employed;

"radiation area" means a part of a factory in which any person is exposed, otherwise than infrequently and transiently, to a radiation dose rate which when averaged over any one minute exceeds or is liable to exceed 0.75 millirems per hour;

"radiation dose record" means the record referred to in Regulation 23 (1);

"radioactive substance" means any substance which consists of or contains radionuclides, whether natural or artificial, and of which the activity exceeds 0.002 of a microcurie per gramme of substance; in the case of a chain of radionuclides consisting of a parent and daughters, the only nuclide to be taken into consideration being that having the highest activity of those present;

"sealed source" means any radioactive substance sealed in a container (otherwise than solely for the purpose of storage, transport or disposal) or bonded wholly within material and includes the immediate container or the bonding, but does not include any nuclear fuel element or any radioactive substance inside a nuclear reactor;

"total enclosure" means an enclosure (other than a fume cupboard and a tracer area) which is so enclosed as to prevent the escape of any unsealed radioactive substance therein into any workplace and which, if it were not a total enclosure, would be an active area;

"tracer area" means a part of a factory in which the only work being done involving any unsealed radioactive substance is tracer work or in which there is as a result of tracer work--

(a) contamination to a level in excess of the levels specified for category D in the Second Schedule to these Regulations, or

(b) airborne or gaseous radioactive substance in the atmosphere to such an extent that the persons employed in the area are likely to inhale, ingest or otherwise absorb a significant amount;

"tracer work" means the manipulation or use of any unsealed radioactive substance for the purpose of investigating working methods or investigating the operation of machines, plant, apparatus or processes or for the purpose of design or of production control;

"transfer record" means a record prepared on the termination of any person's employment of radiation doses received by him being a record prepared in accordance with requirements for the time being imposed under the Act;

"unsealed radioactive substance" means any radioactive substance that is not a sealed source.

3. (1) Any reference in these Regulations to a numbered class of radionuclides is a reference to the class of radionuclides so numbered in the Table set out in the Third Schedule to these Regulations.

(2) Reference in these Regulations to any enactment shall be construed as reference to that enactment as amended by or under any other enactment.

(3) In determining whether on any particular occasion or at any particular time an amount of any radioactive substance is, or amounts of radioactive substance are, for the purposes of these Regulations, significant, regard shall be had to the possible effects on persons employed and for this purpose account shall be taken of the following, namely--

(a) the nature or natures of the radioactive substance or radioactive substances present,

(b) the concentration of the radioactive substance or radioactive substances present in the air and the duration of its or their presence.

4. (1) Subject to paragraphs (2), (3) and (6) of this regulation, these Regulations shall apply to every factory in which any process involving the use of an unsealed radioactive substance or substances is carried on and where--

(a) (except in the case of the substances specified in subparagraph (b) of this paragraph) there is an amount of unsealed radioactive substance in any workplace or store the total activity of which exceeds one microcurie where it is derived from Class I radionuclides, ten microcuries where it is derived from Class II or Class III radionuclides or one hundred microcuries where it is derived from Class IV radionuclides, or

(b) there is, in any workplace or store, any of the following unsealed radioactive substances of an amount the total activity of which exceeds that specified in the case of each substance, that is to say, radium activated luminising compounds having a total activity exceeding ten microcuries, tritium activated luminising compounds having a total activity exceeding fifty millicuries and promethium activated luminising compounds having a total activity exceeding two millicuries, or

(c) there is any object contaminated to a level in excess of the levels specified for category B in the Second Schedule to these Regulations.

(2) For the purpose of paragraph (1) of this regulation, none of the following shall, except in any factory in which it is manufactured or repaired, be regarded as being or containing unsealed radioactive substances, that is to say--

(a) any luminised article,

(b) any incandescent mantle,

(d) any alloy containing as its sole radioactive constituent 4 per cent or less by weight of natural thorium or compounds of natural thorium,

(e) any compound of uranium used or intended for use as a pigment and not containing any significant amount of any other radioactive substance, and

(f) any amount not exceeding ten kilogrammes of thorium or uranium or any of their chemical compounds where used or intended for use as a chemical reagent and not containing any significant amount of any other radioactive substance.

(3) These Regulations other than Regulations 1 to 6, 9, and 13 to 18 of these Regulations shall not apply--

(a) to the storage, manipulation or use of luminised articles in the manufacture or repair of further luminised articles of which they form part provided in any case that no surface is thereby contaminated to a level in excess of the levels specified for category D in the Second Schedule to these Regulations, and

(b) to any warehouse (not being a warehouse belonging to the owners, trustees or conservators of any dock, wharf or quay) to which section 86 of the act applies.

(4) Where, in any factory, the occupier is neither the owner nor the hirer of any unsealed radioactive substance which is used by or under the direction of some person other than the occupier or a person in the employment of the occupier, and there is no radioactive substance in the factory of which substance the occupier is owner or hirer, that other person or (if he is in the employment of the owner or hirer) the employer of that other person shall, in relation to that unsealed radioactive substance, be deemed to be the occupier of the factory for the purposes of these Regulations.

(5) Where in any factory (other than a factory to which paragraph (4) of this regulation applies) any classified worker is employed by some person other than the occupier, the occupier shall be deemed to have complied in respect of any such worker so employed with any requirements imposed on him by Part IV or Part V of these Regulations, if he has made effective arrangements which secure that the employer of the worker complies in relation to that worker with that requirement as if the employer were the occupier.

(6) These Regulations shall not apply in relation to any apparatus including irradiating apparatus and radioactive substances exclusively used for medical purposes in the prevention, diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury.

(7) Save as expressly provided in Regulation 40 (2) the provisions of these Regulations shall be in addition to and not in substitution for or in diminution of other requirements imposed by or under the Act.

5. The Minister may (subject to such conditions as may be specified therein) by certificate in writing (which he may in his discretion revoke at any time) exempt from all or any of the requirements of these Regulations any factory where he is satisfied that the requirements in respect of which the exemption is granted are not necessary for the protection of persons employed or are impracticable.

PART II ADMINISTRATION

6. (1) The occupier shall give previous notice in writing to the Minister (which except in cases of emergency shall be not less than one month's notice or such shorter notice as the Minister may agree to accept) before undertaking in a factory work to which these Regulations apply.

(2) The occupier shall either before or within seven days after ceasing to undertake work (otherwise than merely temporarily) to which these regulations apply give notice in writing to that effect to the Minister.

7. (1) Particulars identifying all active areas which remain active areas for seven or more consecutive days, shall be entered forthwith in a register kept for the purpose.

(2) Whenever any area, particulars whereof have been entered in the register, ceases, otherwise than temporarily, to be an active area, the occupier shall forthwith make an entry in the register accordingly.

8. The Minister shall be notified in writing of any loss of any unsealed radioactive substance in the circumstances specified in Regulation 46 (2) and of the following occurrences as soon as possible after they are discovered, that is to say--

(a) a spill or other accidental escape of any unsealed radioactive substance (otherwise than within a total enclosure or fume cupboard) which there is reason to believe has a total activity greater than one hundred microcuries of a Class I radionuclide, ten millicuries of a Class II radionuclide, one curie of a Class III radionuclide or one hundred curies of a Class IV radionuclide or, in the case of gaseous radioactive substances, one tenth of those amounts, and

(b) any unintended fire or explosion that involves or affects any unsealed radioactive substance which there is reason to believe has a total activity greater than one hundred microcuries of a Class I radionuclide, ten millicuries of a Class II radionuclide, one curie of a Class III radionuclide or one hundred curies of a Class IV radionuclide or, in the case of gaseous radioactive substances, one tenth of those amounts.

9. (1) The occupier shall appoint one or more competent persons to exercise special supervision with regard to the requirements of these Regulations and to assist in enforcing the observance of them.

(2) The name or names of the competent person or competent persons shall be kept posted in the factory where it or they can be conveniently read by the persons employed. Where different persons are appointed under this regulation for different parts of the factory or for different processes the name shall be posted in such a manner that the persons employed can readily identify the competent person or competent persons appointed under this regulation for the part of the factory or for the processes in which they are employed.

(3) Where more than one competent person is appointed under this regulation, any reference in these Regulations to the competent person appointed in accordance with this regulation shall be deemed to include a reference to any one of those persons or, as the case may be, to the person appointed, or to any one of the persons appointed, for the part of the factory or for the processes concerned.

10. The competent person appointed in accordance with Regulation 9 shall be informed of every matter which is required to be notified to the Minister under Regulation 8.

11. In addition to his other duties, the competent person appointed in accordance with Regulation 9 shall investigate the circumstances of every occurrence notified to him under Regulation 10 or Regulation 45 (1) and report thereon to the occupier with a recommendation as to the action, if any, which he considers ought to be taken.

12. Every register, certificate or record kept in pursuance of these Regulations and every transfer record and copy transfer record received by an employer in pursuance of Regulation 26 shall be preserved in the factory or in such place outside the factory as may be approved and kept available for inspection by any inspector or by the appointed doctor for at least the following periods after the last entry therein, that is to say, thirty years in the cases of the health register, the radiation dose records, the transfer records and the copy transfer records and two years in all other cases: Provided that where an extract from or a summary of any such document or documents as aforesaid has been so approved the provisions of this regulation may be complied with in relation to that document by preserving the said extract or summary (as the case may be) in place of the document or documents from which the extract, or of which the summary, has been made.

PART III BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PROTECTION

13. (1) The occupier shall do all that is reasonably practicable to restrict to the lowest possible level the extent to which the persons employed in a factory are exposed to ionising radiations and no person employed shall expose himself to ionising radiations to a greater extent than is reasonably necessary for the purposes of his work.

(2) Effective measures shall be taken by the occupier to ensure that no person employed shall receive any radiation dose in excess of those specified in the First Schedule to these Regulations and that any unnecessary exposure of such a person to ionising radiations is prevented.

14. The occupier shall do all that is reasonably practicable to prevent the inhalation and the ingestion by any person employed of any radioactive substance arising from any work carried on in the factory; and no person employed shall expose himself to any risk of inhaling or ingesting any radioactive substance, or of contaminating his body or his clothing, to a greater extent than is reasonably necessary for the purposes of his work.

15. All work shall be so conducted as to protect persons employed so far as is reasonably practicable--

(a) from contamination, and

(b) from airborne or gaseous radioactive substances.

16. Effective measures shall be taken by the occupier to ensure that all sources of ionising radiations are, at all times, adequately shielded.

17. No person employed shall be exposed to ionising radiations unless he has received and, where necessary, continues to receive, adequate training and instruction before and during such employment in the precautions to be taken for his protection in relation to his health and safety.

18. (1) Where the Minister has reasonable cause to believe that any person employed may have received, or is likely to receive, in any calendar year or in any calendar quarter, as the case may be, a sum of radiation doses greater than three-tenths of the appropriate dose specified in the First Schedule to these Regulations, or that any person employed may have inhaled, ingested or otherwise absorbed, or is likely to inhale, ingest or otherwise absorb, significant amounts of any unsealed radioactive substance, the Minister may serve on the occupier a written notice requiring him to make specified arrangements as respects all or any of the following matters, that is to say--

(a) the wearing by any person employed of a photographic film or an appropriate radiation dosemeter, and the keeping and preserving of records of doses received,

(b) the monitoring of any person employed or any part of the factory, and the keeping and preserving of records of measurements obtained by such monitoring,

(c) the determination in the case of any person so employed of the amount of radioactive substances in his body, and the estimation, when practicable, of the radiation dose therefrom, and the keeping and preserving of records of any determination and estimation so made,

(d) the suspension of any person so employed from work in which he will be exposed to ionising radiations or the imposing of special conditions as to his employment in any such work,

(e) the medical examination of any person so employed, and

(f) the making of a special entry in the radiation dose record in respect of any person so employed.

(2) It shall be the duty of every person employed in a factory to comply with the requirements of any such specified arrangements in so far as they require the wearing by him of photographic film or a radiation dosemeter or require him to be medically examined or to have the amount of radioactive substances in his body determined or monitored.

19. (1) Every person employed in a factory who notices anything that appears likely to cause danger from ionising radiations shall either--

(a) take all necessary steps to remove the danger, or

(b) withdraw from the place of danger without delay and report the matter forthwith to the occupier or the person appointed under Regulation 9.

(2) A person employed shall not, nor be required to, except with the consent of an authorised or competent person--

(a) pass beyond any barrier marking the boundaries of any active area or any radiation area,

(b) enter any such area, total enclosure, tracer area, or fume cupboard,

(3) Every person employed shall comply with any warning signals and directions given him by an authorised person.

PART IV RADIOLOGICAL SUPERVISION

20. (1) The following persons shall for the purposes of these Regulations be designated by the occupier as classified workers, that is to say, persons who are employed for any of their time in tracer areas, total enclosures, active areas or radiation areas in--

(a) work with unsealed radioactive substances or immediately ancillary work,

(b) the cleaning of tracer areas, total enclosures, fume cupboards or active areas, or

(c) the manipulation, cleaning or maintenance of any of the following which is contaminated or is likely to be contaminated in excess of the levels specified for category D in the Second Schedule to these Regulations, that is to say, plant, apparatus, equipment (including personal protective equipment), materials or articles,

not being persons employed in accordance with an approved scheme of work within the meaning of paragraph (2) of this Regulation and in these Regulations the expression "classified worker" shall be construed accordingly.

(2) In paragraph (1) of this regulation "approved scheme of work" means an approved scheme of work in relation to which the Minister is satisfied that the operating and working conditions and the system of control and instruction are such that a person working in accordance with the scheme is not likely to receive in any calendar year a sum of radiation doses greater than three-tenths of the appropriate dose specified in the First Schedule to these Regulations and is not likely to inhale, ingest, or otherwise absorb amounts of unsealed radioactive substances.

(3) No person under the age of 18 shall be employed on work which requires him to be designated as a classified worker.

(4) The names of all persons designated as classified workers shall be kept entered in the health register.

(5) This regulation shall not apply to any person who is employed in a tracer area on not more than 14 days in any calendar year.

21. Where any person is or is to be currently employed as a classified worker in more than one factory by the same employer--

(a) all the factories in which that person is or is to be so currently employed shall, in relation to that person, be deemed, for the purposes of these Regulations, to constitute one factory,

(b) except in the cases referred to in paragraph (a) of the definition of the expression "appointed doctor" in Regulation 2, reference in these Regulations to the appointed doctor shall be construed as references to the appointed doctor for any one of those factories, and

(c) the references to the health register in Regulations 29, 34 and 35 shall be construed as references to the health register for any one of those factories, so, however, that as respects any period only one health register shall be used in respect of that person, and

(d) the reference in Regulation 32 (1) to the factory shall be taken as a reference to any one of these factories.

22. (1) The occupier shall make suitable arrangements for the wearing by every classified worker on an appropriate part or parts of his person of either a suitable photographic film or films in an appropriate holder or holders or a suitable dosemeter or suitable dosemeters, being a dosemeter or dosemeters of an approved type, during any working period in which that worker is liable to be exposed to ionising radiations. It shall be the duty of every classified worker to wear in a proper manner any film or dosemeter provided for him in pursuance of this regulation, and at intervals specified by the occupier to return every such film or dosemeter to the occupier for the purposes of the examination mentioned in paragraph (2) of this regulation.

(2) The occupier shall obtain the said films, film holders and dosemeters from an approved laboratory and arrange for the films and dosemeters, identified by reference to the particular wearer, to be returned at appropriate intervals to that laboratory for processing and examination and for the issue to the occupier, by the director or other responsible person at the laboratory of certificates in the approved form of the results of the examination of each film and dosemeter.

23. (1) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (2) of this regulation, a radiation dose record shall be kept in the approved form and shall contain in relation to each classified worker particulars--

(a) of the maximum radiation doses permitted under the First Schedule to these Regulations,

(b) of the radiation doses received by him, and

(c) in relation to any person employed (whether or not he is a classified worker), any special entry required in accordance with Regulations 18 and 25.

(2) Where it appears to an occupier that any person employed or engaged for employment by him as a classified worker, either

(a) was previously engaged--

(i) in work in a factory, being work done before the imposition of requirements under the Act (including these Regulations) for recording the radiation doses received by the persons employed in such work, but which, if, after the date of the coming into operation of these Regulations, it had been done by a person employed would have been protected employment, or

(ii) in work not done in a factory but which if, after the date of the coming into operation of these Regulations, it had been done in a factory by a person employed, would have been protected employment, or

(b) at times other than the hours during which he is employed by him is engaged in work of a kind specified in sub-paragraph (a) (ii) of this paragraph,

and such person produces to the occupier any document purporting to be a record of radiation doses received by that person whilst performing the work, the occupier shall so far as practicable, enter in the radiation dose record kept in relation to that person in pursuance of the foregoing paragraph of this regulation, the particulars contained in the said document of the radiation doses received by him whilst performing that work.

(3) The radiation dose record in relation to any person shall be kept up to date, and shall be open to the inspection of that person at all reasonable times.

(4) For the purposes of the radiation dose record a dose received during any period as indicated by a certificate issued in pursuance of Regulation 22 (2) which did not fall wholly within one calendar quarter shall be deemed to have been received at a uniform rate on all the days (whether working days or not) throughout that period.

24. (1) Whenever any person has reasonable cause to believe in relation to himself or any other person employed--

(a) that he has received any radiation dose in excess of that permitted under the First Schedule to these Regulations, or

(b) that he has inhaled or ingested or otherwise absorbed a significant amount of any radioactive substance, or

(c) that contamination to a level greater than ten times the level specified for the body in the Second Schedule to these Regulations has persisted on any part of his body for more than three days,

he shall report the circumstances to the occupier who shall forthwith make an investigation or arrange for an investigation to be made.

(2) Where any investigation under paragraph (1) of this regulation confirms a report made under that paragraph or the occupier has other reason to believe that any person employed has suffered any of the events specified in that paragraph, the occupier shall forthwith--

(a) notify the appointed doctor,

(b) notify the Minister, and

(3) Whenever it appears from the radiation dose record that any worker has received a radiation dose in excess of that permitted under the First Schedule to these Regulations, the occupier shall forthwith--

(a) make an investigation or arrange for an investigation to be made,

(b) notify the appointed doctor, and

25. (1) Whenever the occupier has reasonable cause to believe that any person has received during any period during which a film or dosemeter is required to be worn by that person in pursuance of these Regulations, a radiation dose which is significantly greater or significantly less than the dose indicated by any certificate issued in accordance with these Regulations in relation to the films or dosemeters worn by him during that period, the occupier shall make an investigation or arrange for an investigation to be made and where any such investigation confirms his belief the occupier shall apply to the Minister for approval of a special entry and any such special entry so approved shall be made in that person's radiation dose record.

(2) Whenever the Minister has reason to believe that any person has received, during any period during which a film or dosemeter is required to be worn by that person in pursuance of these Regulations, a radiation dose which is significantly greater or significantly less than the dose indicated by any certificate issued in accordance with these Regulations in relation to the films or dosemeters worn by him during that period, the Minister may approve a special entry and any such special entry so approved shall be made in that person's radiation dose record.

26. (1) Where any person, in relation to whom an employer is or has been required to keep a radiation dose record, ceases to be employed by that employer, that employer shall forthwith prepare a transfer record in the approved form. The employer, if he knows the whereabouts of that person, shall forthwith supply him with the transfer record and shall in any case forthwith send a copy of it to the Minister.

(2) Before any person who was previously in protected employment with another employer is employed, or engaged for employment, as a classified worker, that person shall--

(a) notify his employer or, as the case may be, prospective employer, of the said previous protected employment, and

(b) if he has received from his employer in that previous employment a transfer record and that record is still in his possession, produce it to his employer or, as the case may be, prospective employer, and make it available to the appointed doctor. In the event of that person being employed, or engaged for employment, as a classified worker the transfer record shall be handed to and retained by the employer.

(3) When the occupier is aware that any person employed or engaged for employment, as a classified worker was previously in protected employment with another employer and that person does not produce a transfer record in pursuance of the last foregoing paragraph of this regulation, the occupier shall forthwith apply to the Minister for a copy of that record.

PART V MEDICAL SUPERVISION

27. The occupier shall make arrangements for medical supervision by the appointed doctor of all classified workers, including specific arrangements as provided for in this part of these Regulations.

28. (1) For the purpose of examinations conducted at the factory the occupier shall provide, for the exclusive use of the appointed doctor on the occasion of the examination, a room properly cleaned and adequately warmed and lighted and furnished with a screen, a table with writing materials, chairs, an examination couch and a wash basin with a supply of clean, running hot and cold or warm water.

(2) The occupier shall afford to the appointed doctor adequate facilities for inspecting any process, operation or work in which a person examined or to be examined by the appointed doctor has been, is or is to be, employed.

29. (1) No person shall be employed in a factory as a classified worker unless--

(a) within the period of fourteen months immediately preceding his first employment in the factory, he has been examined by an appointed doctor and certified fit, by signed entry by the said doctor in the health register, for employment as a classified worker, and

(b) he has at some time undergone a suitable blood examination and an adequate report of the results of such examination is available and known to the said doctor.

(2) In this regulation, the expression "first employment in the factory" means first employment in that factory as a classified worker or re-employment in that factory as a classified worker following any cessation of such employment therein for a period exceeding fourteen months.

30. The occupier shall arrange for medical examination by the appointed doctor of every worker who is a classified worker once in every calendar year so long as his employment as a classified worker continues, if it appears from his radiation dose record that during the immediately preceding calendar year he has received a sum of radiation doses which is greater than three-tenths of the appropriate doses specified in the First Schedule to these Regulations.

31. Where the occupier has notified the appointed doctor of the occurrence of any of the events specified in Regulation 24 the occupier shall arrange for the person concerned to undergo without delay a medical examination by the appointed doctor in any case where the excessive radiation dose either--

(a) exceeds 10 rems in the case of a dose to parts of the body other than the hands, forearms, feet and ankles from all or any one or more of the following, that is to say, X-rays, gamma rays and neutrons, or

(b) in any other case exceeds the doses specified in the First Schedule to these Regulations.

32. (1) Except where otherwise authorised or directed in writing by the Minister, any medical examination by the appointed doctor for the purposes of these Regulations shall take place at the factory.

(2) Due notice of every medical examination for the purposes of these Regulations shall be given by the occupier to those concerned and it shall be the duty of the persons employed as classified workers to submit themselves for examination by the appointed doctor in accordance with these Regulations as required by such notice and for any special examination required under Regulation 33 (1) and to submit to the taking of samples for every blood examination the results of which are used for the purposes of these Regulations.

33. (1) The appointed doctor may at his discretion, in relation to any medical examination for the purposes of these Regulations, require an examination of the blood or any other special examination. Any such special examination may be carried out at a place other than the factory.

(2) Every blood examination for the purposes of these Regulations shall be made by an approved laboratory or an approved person.

(3) The report of every such blood examination as aforesaid shall be sent to the appointed doctor.

34. (1) The appointed doctor shall have power to be exercised by written certificate in the health register signed by him, to suspend from employment as a classified worker or from work in total enclosures, active areas, decontamination areas, tracer areas or radiation areas any worker examined by him under these Regulations.

(2) No person so suspended shall be re-employed as a classified worker or in total enclosures, active areas, decontamination areas, tracer areas or radiation areas (as the case may be) without the written approval of the appointed doctor entered in the health register.

(3) The occupier shall forthwith notify the Minister whenever any work is suspended from employment in accordance with these Regulations.

35. (1) A health register shall be kept in the approved form of all classified workers and the appointed doctor shall enter in the health register the dates and results of examinations of those persons.

(2) The appointed doctor shall by signed entry in the health register record the date and result of any medical examination under Regulation 31 of any worker other than a classified worker.

PART VI ARRANGEMENTS OF PREMISES AND PLANT

36. (1) There shall, where reasonably practicable, be a barrier or barriers marking the boundaries of every active area and every radiation area or where the use of such barrier or barriers is not reasonably practicable the said boundaries shall be marked by other suitable means.

(2) Suitable notices warning persons in the vicinity shall be displayed at a sufficient number of suitable places on or near to the boundaries of all total enclosures, active areas, radiation areas and tracer areas.

37. Where necessary for the protection of persons employed, work with any unsealed radioactive substance (other than tracer work) shall be carried on--

(a) so far as practicable, within total enclosures or fume cupboard, or

(b) where the provision of total enclosures or fume cupboards is not reasonably practicable, with the use under such arrangements as are practicable of an exhaust draught produced by mechanical means and discharged to the open air so as to reduce as far as possible the risk of contamination or inhalation or ingestion of airborne or gaseous radioactive substances.

38. (1) Where practicable, the floor of every active area shall--

(a) have an impervious surface,

(b) be capable of being easily and effectively cleaned and of containing any spill of any unsealed radioactive substance, and

(2) All benches, tables and seats in every active area shall so far as is reasonably practicable, have impervious surfaces and be capable of being easily and effectively cleaned.

(3) Every bench and table within an active area which is used for work with radioactive substance shall be kept free from articles not required for the work carried on at that bench or table and any such bench or table at which more than one person is employed shall have sufficient unobstructed working space for each person.

39. (1) Suitable accommodation shall be provided and maintained for the storage of the personal protective equipment required to be provided under Regulation 41 (1). The accommodation shall be kept in a clean and orderly condition and shall be separate from that provided for clothing not worn during working hours.

(2) The accommodation provided under paragraph (1) of this regulation for personal protective equipment which is liable to be contaminated to a level in excess of the levels specified for category B in the Second Schedule to these Regulations shall be--

(a) where reasonably practicable so situated as to allow the persons using the accommodation to use the washing facilities provided in pursuance of Regulation 40 in the course of changing their clothes, and

(b) situated as close as practicable to the area where the work is carried on for which the personal protective equipment is required.

40. (1) There shall be provided and maintained for the use of all persons working in active areas, decontamination or total enclosures or at or in fume cupboards, adequate and suitable facilities for washing which shall be kept in a clean and orderly condition and be under cover and shall be immediately or conveniently accessible from the workplace. The said facilities shall include clean running hot and cold or warm water, soap, non-abrasive nail brushes and clean towels, and, in addition, either--

(a) a trough with smooth impervious surface of such length (or, in the case of a circular or oval trough, of such circumference) as to allow sixty centimetres for every five persons and fitted with suitable jets or sprays serving each sixty centimetres of length or circumference (as the case may be) and with a waste pipe without plug; or

(b) for every five persons at least one basin with smooth impervious surface of suitable size fitted with suitable jets or sprays and with a waste pipe.

(2) The provisions of this paragraph modify the provisions of section 53 (1) of the Act in relation to persons working in places to which that section applies, being persons for whom washing facilities are required to be provided under paragraph (1) of this regulation.

(3) Where the washing facilities provided in accordance with paragraph (1) of this regulation are not immediately accessible from any workplace, there shall be provided at the work place for use in cases of emergency appropriate means (including a supply of clean water) for cleansing the skin.

(4) All jets and sprays provided as part of the washing facilities under paragraph (1) of this regulation shall be such that they can be conveniently operated without using the hands.

(5) The name or names or designation of the person or persons authorised for the purpose of Regulations 45 (1) and 55 (1) shall be kept prominently displayed near every washing facility provided in accordance with paragraph (1) of this regulation.

(6) Every person shall be allowed sufficient time in the course of his work for washing as required by these Regulations.

PART VII PERSONAL PROTECTION

41. (1) Suitable personal protective equipment shall be provided and properly maintained for the use of all persons employed in work in active areas, tracer areas, decontamination areas, total enclosures or at or in fume cupboards. The protective equipment provided shall include--

(a) protective clothes adequate to prevent any contamination of the bodies of the persons for whom it is provided or of their other clothing to a level in excess of the appropriate level specified in the Second Schedule to these Regulations, and

(b) a sufficient supply of breathing apparatus, where necessary, to prevent risk resulting from inhalation or ingestion of any radioactive substance.

(2) The breathing apparatus provided in accordance with paragraph (1) of this regulation shall be thoroughly examined before its first issue for use and thereafter at least once a month, by a person competent to make such an examination. A report shall be made on every such examination, signed by the person making the examination and containing the particulars for the time being prescribed for a report on an examination under section 38 (1) (c) (which requires the provision of breathing apparatus) of the Act, and shall be kept available for inspection : Provided that an examination and report in accordance with this regulation shall, in the case of breathing apparatus which is kept in store and has not been issued for use, be required once in every six months.

(3) Every breathing apparatus provided in accordance with paragraph (1) (b) of this regulation shall carry a distinguishing mark and no person shall wear or be required to wear any such breathing apparatus which has previously been worn by another person, unless it has been thoroughly disinfected.

(4) Every person while engaged in work for use in the course of which personal protective equipment has been provided in accordance with paragraph (1) of this regulation shall wear the personal protective equipment provided for his use in the course of that work.

(5) Every person leaving work for use in the course of which personal protective equipment is provided in accordance with paragraph (1) of this regulation shall forthwith deposit his personal protective equipment in the accommodation provided for it in pursuance of Regulation 39 (1) and then wash his hands.

(6) No person shall place his head inside a fume cupboard unless he is wearing protective equipment.

(7) After any person has washed his hands in accordance with paragraph (5) of this regulation or with Regulation 43 (1) an appropriate measurement shall be made without delay, if necessary to ensure that any contamination of his hands to a level in excess of the appropriate level specified in the Second Schedule to these Regulations is detected : Provided that if in any case the only radioactive substance from which there is a liability to contamination of any person is a luminising compound, it shall be a sufficient compliance with the foregoing provisions of this paragraph in that case to make an appropriate examination by means of an ultra violet lamp without delay of the hands of every such person.

(8) If contamination of any person is detected as a result of any measurement or examination in pursuance of paragraph (7) of this regulation, such steps shall be taken by that person as are reasonably practicable to remove the contamination.

(9) It shall be the duty of every person employed to comply with the requirements of paragraphs (4) to (8) of this regulation in so far as he is affected thereby and to submit himself to measurement or examination in accordance with those provisions.

42. A person having any cut or other break in his skin shall not work in any active area, decontamination area, tracer area or total enclosure or at or in a fume cupboard unless that cut or other break in his skin is so covered as to prevent the entry of any radioactive substance.

43. (1) A person working in any active area, decontamination area, tracer area or total enclosure or at or in a fume cupboard shall not--

(a) make use of a sanitary convenience unless, since last working as aforesaid, he has washed his hands,

(b) partake of food or drink or snuff or make use of cosmetics or tobacco in such an area as aforesaid, except that a person may drink from a drinking fountain so constructed that there is no risk of contamination of the water,

(d) operate in such an area by means of his mouth any plant, apparatus or equipment.

(2) An adequate and convenient supply of suitable paper handkerchiefs shall be provided for use in accordance with paragraph (1) (c) of this regulation. Arrangements shall be made for the deposit of the used paper handkerchiefs in a suitable receptacle provided for the purpose in the workroom or in, or adjacent to, the accommodation provided in pursuance of Regulation 39 (1) for protective equipment. Such receptacles shall be emptied at least once on every working day and the used handkerchiefs shall be treated as contaminated articles in accordance with regulation 48.

44. (1) Brushes shall not be used for the application of luminising compounds.

(2) Brushes used for the application of radioactive substances other than luminising compounds shall be used only in total enclosures.

45. (1) When any person during his work in an active area, decontamination area, tracer area or total enclosure or at or in a fume cupboard sustains any cut or other break in the skin, he shall promptly present himself to an authorised person, who shall ensure that appropriate first-aid treatment is given and that, in the giving of such treatment, account is taken of any contamination present in or around the cut or break in the skin, or on the instrument (if any) which caused it. Where any such contamination is present, the occurance shall be notified forthwith to the competent person.

(2) The contents of any first-aid box or cupboard required by or under the Act shall include an adequate supply of appropriate waterproof dressings.

PART VIII ORGANISATION OF WORK

46. (1) The occupier shall keep a record of all radioactive substances received into the factory and, so far as is reasonably practicable, of their subsequent disposal.

(2) It shall be the duty of every person employed to notify the competent person forthwith if he has reasonable grounds for believing that any unsealed radioactive substance has been lost or mislaid. The competent person shall take immediate steps with a view to finding the substance. If the substance is not accounted for within twenty-four hours the occupier shall notify the Minister forthwith.

47. (1) Unsealed radioactive substances when not in use shall where reasonably practicable be kept in appropriate protective receptacles which shall be kept securely in a suitable store reserved for the storage of radioactive substances.

(2) Adequate and suitable arrangement shall be made, where necessary, for ventilating every such store to the open air by mechanical means in order to protect the persons employed from airborne or gaseous radioactive substances.

(3) A suitable warning notice shall be kept prominently displayed outside every store which contains an amount of unsealed radioactive substance of which the total activity exceeds the amount specified in Regulation 4 (1).

48. (1) No unsealed radioactive substance and no plant, apparatus, equipment, material or article, being plant, apparatus, equipment, material or an article which is contaminated to a level in excess of the levels specified for category D in the Second Schedule to these Regulations shall be transported within a factory (other than within an active area) unless it is transported--

(a) in a suitable container which shall, where necessary, be so designed and constructed as to prevent the spread of contamination or of airborne or gaseous radioactive substances,

(b) by, or under the immediate supervision of an authorised person, and

(c) in such a way that the person receiving it is made aware that what he is receiving is an unsealed radioactive substance or is contaminated (as the case may be).

(2) Before being despatched from the factory any article which consists of or contains an amount of radionuclides in unsealed radioactive substance exceeding the amounts specified in Regulation 4 (1) or consists of or contains any object contaminated to a level in excess of the levels specified for category D in the Second Schedule to these Regulations, shall be labelled so as to indicate that it is such an article.

49. (1) The amounts of unsealed radioactive substances in any active area, decontamination area, radiation area, tracer area, total enclosure or fume cupboard shall be kept to the minima reasonably practicable.

(2) Where the amount of fissile substance present in a factory at any time is sufficient under any possible conditions to enable a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction to occur, effective precautions shall be taken to prevent it from occurring. Nothing in this paragraph shall apply to self-sustaining reactions that have been designed and intended as such.

50. (1) The working arrangements shall be such that, in the event of a spill, dispersal of the unsealed radioactive substances shall be prevented so far as is reasonably practicable.

(2) Adequate steps shall be taken to prevent an unintended build-up of pressure inside containers for unsealed radioactive substances.

(3) Containers for unsealed radioactive substances shall so far as practicable be so designed and constructed that their contents cannot escape accidentally.

51. (1) Whenever (otherwise than within a total enclosure or a fume cupboard) there is a spill or other accidental escape of unsealed radioactive substances which there is reason to believe have a total activity greater than 10 microcuries of a Class I radionuclide, 1 millicurie of a Class II radionuclide, 100 millicuries of a Class III radionuclide or 10 curies of a Class IV radionuclide, or in the case of gaseous radioactive substances, one-tenth of each of these amounts, no person (other than properly trained and equipped persons who enter or remain therein solely for the purpose of dealing with the spill or escape) shall enter or remain in the area affected until an authorised person has declared that in his opinion it is safe to do so. A record shall be made in a register kept for this purpose of the date, nature and place of the spill or other accidental escape.

(2) It shall be the duty of every person employed to notify the occupier forthwith if he has reasonable grounds for believing that there has been a spill or other accidental escape of unsealed radioactive substances to which the provisions of the foregoing paragraph of this regulation apply.

52. (1) All active areas and tracer areas and all plant, apparatus and equipment therein or which has been therein shall be cleaned often enough to ensure that any contamination of them does not exceed the appropriate levels specified in the Second Schedule to these Regulations.

(2) The cleaning of active areas and tracer and plant apparatus and equipment shall be done by methods which avoid, so far as is practicable, the spread of contamination and the dispersal of unsealed radioactive substances in the general air of any room.

(3) Materials and articles which have been used for cleaning as required by this regulation and are contaminated--

(a) shall not be used for any other purpose (except for the purpose of cleaning in pursuance of Regulation 58) and

(b) shall, when stored or being transported within a factory, be treated as if they were unsealed radioactive substances.

53. (1) A person shall not break the containment of any total enclosure or enter any total enclosure or fume cupboard in which, in any such case, there is or is liable to be contamination to a level in excess of the levels specified for category B in the Second Schedule to these Regulations or enter any ducting or drains leading into or from such an enclosure or cupboard unless there is in force in respect of that person written permission in accordance with paragraph (2) of this regulation for him to do so.

(2) Every written permission issued for the purposes of paragraph (1) of this regulation shall state--

(a) the name of the person or persons in respect of whom it is issued,

(b) the enclosure, cupboard and work to which it relates,

(d) the period (not exceeding seven days or such longer period as may be approved) for which it is valid, and

(e) the date of its issue,

and shall be signed by the competent person or by a person authorised in that behalf by the competent person and countersigned by the supervisor, foreman or other person in charge of the place in which the work is to be carried out.

PART IX MONITORING AND MEASURES TO DEAL WITH CONTAMINATION

54. (1) The occupier shall ensure that there is provided and properly maintained an appropriate and efficient dosemeter or dose rate meter by means of which appropriate measurements shall be made at such intervals as are necessary for the purpose of ascertaining the efficacy of methods for the restriction of exposure to, and for shielding against, ionising radiations.

(2) Save as provided in paragraph (4) of this regulation, the occupier shall ensure that they are provided and properly maintained such instruments as may be necessary to measure contamination of the surface of the body, of clothing and of personal protective equipment. Appropriate measurements shall be made at sufficiently frequent intervals to ensure that any such contamination to a level in excess of the appropriate level specified in the Second Schedule to these Regulations is detected as soon as is reasonably practicable. The name or names or designations of the person or persons authorised for the purposes of Regulation 55 (1) shall be kept prominently displayed near every instrument provided in pursuance of this paragraph.

(3) Save as provided in paragraph (4) of this regulation the occupier shall ensure that there are provided and properly maintained such instruments as may be necessary to measure contamination in any part of the premises and appropriate measurements shall be made at sufficiently frequent intervals to ensure that any such contamination to a level in excess of the appropriate level specified in the Second Schedule to these Regulations is detected as soon as is reasonably practicable.

(4) Where the only radioactive substance in a factory is a luminising compound it shall be a sufficient compliance with the provisions of paragraphs (2) and (3) of this regulation if the occupier provides and properly maintains an ultra violet lamp suitable for detecting any contamination by a luminising compound.

(5) The occupier shall, where necessary, ensure that there is provided and properly maintained an appropriate and efficient instrument by means of which appropriate measurements shall be made at such intervals as are necessary for the purpose of ascertaining the efficacy of measures for the protection of persons employed from airborne or gaseous radioactive substances.

(6) Any dosemeter, dose rate meter or other instrument provided under this regulation may be provided for use in more than one factory.

(7) The occupier shall ensure that every such radiation dosemeter, dose rate meter and other instrument when first taken into use in the factory or as the case may be, in the first of the factories for which it is provided, has been tested by a qualified person, and that it is subsequently re-tested by a qualified person at least once in every period of fourteen months and also after any repair of a defect which could affect its accuracy. There shall be kept a register in the approved form of every test carried out in pursuance of this paragraph.

(8) All measurements under this regulation shall be made by or under the general supervision of the competent person.

55. (1) Whenever it is found that any part of the body of any person employed is contaminated to a level in excess of the level specified for the body in the Second Schedule to these Regulations, and that the contamination cannot be reduced by the means provided so that it does not exceed the level so specified, that person shall at once report those facts to an authorised person.

(2) Upon such facts coming to the knowledge of any authorised person, he shall notify the competent person and ensure that appropriate measures are taken to seek to reduce the contamination so that it shall not exceed the level so specified.

56. Whenever a measurement made in accordance with Regulation 54 (2) shows that any personal protective equipment deposited or about to be deposited in the accommodation provided under Regulation 39 (1) is contaminated to a level in excess of the levels specified for category B in the Second Schedule to these Regulations, that equipment shall be deposited in a receptacle provided for that purpose and shall not be used until the contamination on it has been reduced so that it does not exceed the levels so specified.

57. Whenever any personal clothing is found to be contaminated to a level in excess of the appropriate level specified in the Second Schedule to these Regulations it shall not be worn until the contamination on it has been reduced so that it does not exceed the level so specified.

58. Whenever there is found to be contamination to a level in excess of the appropriate level specified in the Second Schedule to these Regulations (other than contamination of the body, personal protective equipment or personal clothing) immediate effective steps shall be taken to prevent dispersal of the unsealed radioactive substances causing the contamination and cleaning or other treatment shall be carried out as soon as reasonably practicable so that the contamination is reduced to a level which does not exceed the level so specified.

Regulations

13 (2), 18 (1), 20 (2),

23 (1), 24 (1), 24 (3),

30 and 31.

FIRST SCHEDULE

MAXIMUM RADIATION DOSES

1. The does specified in this Schedule relate to ionising radiations (other than alpha particles emitted by radioactive substances) that originate (otherwise than from radioactive substances within the human body) either in a factory or in a place outside a factory in which any work of a kind specified in Regulation 23 (2) (a) (ii) is carried on from:--

(a) any radioactive substance, or

(b) any machine or apparatus that is intended to produce ionising radiations or in which charged particles are accelerated by a voltage of not less than 5 kilovolts not being apparatus including irradiating apparatus and radioactive substances exclusively used for medical purposes in the prevention, diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury,

and for the purposes of this Schedule other ionising radiations shall not be taken into account.

2. (1) The maximum sum of doses received in any calendar quarter by any person to parts of the body other than the eyes, hands, forearms, feet and ankles from all or any one or more of the following, that is to say, X-rays, gamma rays and neutrons shall not exceed--

(a) in the case of a male person, 3 rems,

(b) in the case of a female person, 1.3 rems, provided that in the case of a female person whom the occupier knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, to be pregnant, the maximum sum of doses during the remaining period of her pregnancy shall not exceed 1 rem.

(2) The number of rems in the total cumulative dose received from all or any one or more of the following that is to say, X-rays, gamma rays and neutrons to those parts of the body other than the eyes, hands, forearms, feet and ankles shall not at any time exceed 5 times the number of years from the first day of January of the year in which that person attained the age of 18 and for the purposes of calculating the said doses a part of a year shall be counted as a year.

(3) The maximum doses in any one year from X-rays, gamma rays and neutrons to parts of the body other than the eyes, hands, forearms, feet and ankles, for the purposes of Regulations 18, 20 and 30 shall be 5 rems.

3. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Schedule, the maximum sum of doses received, in any calendar year, by persons employed in a factory from any ionising radiations shall not exceed--

(a) 75 rems to the hands, forearms, feet and ankles of which not more than 40 shall be received in any calendar quarter,

(b) 15 rems to the lenses of the eyes of which not more than 8 shall be received in a calendar quarter, and

4. If the occupier is aware that any person employed was during any period--

(a) in protected employment, or

(b) in employment which, if it had occurred after the coming into operation of any Regulations under the Act, would have been protected employment, or

for which no information is available to the occupier as to the doses that person received during that period of the kinds, and to the parts of the body, specified in paragraph 2, that person shall, for the purpose of calculating his total cumulative dose referred to in the said paragraph, be deemed to have received doses at the rate of 5 rems a year during that period.

Regulations

2, 4 (1) (c), 4 (3) (a), 20 (1),

24 (1) (c), 39 (2), 41 (1), 41 (7),

48 (1), 48 (2), 52 (1), 53 (1),

54 (2), 54 (3), 55 (1), 56, 57 and 58.

SECOND SCHEDULE

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION AND METHODS OF ASSESSMENT

1. The maximum permissible levels of contamination of surfaces (other than contamination which cannot be removed by normal methods) shall be as follows:--

Category	Surface	Maximum Permissible Level (u Ci/Cm²)
A	Surfaces of the interiors and contents of total enclosures and fume cupboards.	The minimum that is reasonably practicable
B	Surfaces (other than surfaces in category A) of active areas and plant, apparatus, equipment (including personal protective equipment), materials and articles within active areas.	From alpha emitters		From emitters other than those specified in the preceding two columns
		In Class I	In Class II-IV
		of the Table in Schedule 3 to these Regulations.

10-4	10-3	10-³
C	Surfaces of the body	10-5	10-5	10-4
D	All other surfaces	10-5	10-4	10-4

2. Contamination that can be rubbed off on an absorbent material shall be treated as contamination that can be removed by normal methods, and in assessing such contamination it shall be assumed (except where the fraction transferred is capable of determination) that one-tenth of the removable contamination has been transferred to the absorbent material from the area over which the material has been rubbed.

3. (1) Where measurements of contamination are made in the case of floors, ceilings or walls over an area not exceeding one thousand square centimetres, or in the case of other surfaces (other than of the body) over an area not exceeding three hundred square centimetres, the results of the measurements may be averaged over the whole of the area measured.

(2) Where measurements of contamination are made in the case of the person (other than the hands) over an area not exceeding one hundred square centimetres, or in the case of the hands, over the whole area of the hand, the results of the measurements may be averaged over the whole of the area measured.

Regulation 3 (1) and Schedule 2.

THIRD SCHEDULE

CLASSIFICATION OF RADIONUCLIDES

1. For the purposes of these Regulations radionuclides shall be divided into the classes set out in the Table below.

2. In this Schedule "a" indicates an alpha emitted and "m" means the metastable state.

TABLE
Class I Radionuclides (High Toxicity)
Radionuclide			Symbol
a	Lead	210	Pb
a	Polonium	210	Po
a	Radium	223	Ra
a	Radium	226	Ra
	Radium	228	Ra
a	Actinium	227	Ac
a	Thorium	227	Th
a	Thorium	228	Th
a	Thorium	230	Th
a	Protoactinium	231	Pa
a	Uranium	230	U
a	Uranium	232	U
a	Uranium	233	U
a	Uranium	234	U
a	Neptunium	237	Np
a	Pluntonium	238	Pu
a	Plutonium	239	Pu
a	Plutonium	240	Pu
a	Plutonium	241	Pu
a	Plutonium	242	Pu
a	Americium	241	Am
a	Americium	243	Am

Class I Radiounclides (High Toxicity)--continued.

Radionuclide			Symbol
a	Curium	242	Cm
a	Curium	243	Cm
a	Curium	244	Cm
a	Curium	245	Cm
a	Curium	246	Cm
a	Californium	249	Cf
a	Californium	250	Cf
a	Californium	252	Cf

Class II Radionuclides (Medium Toxicity--Upper Sub-Group A)

Radionuclide			Symbol
	Sodium	22	Na
	Chlorine	36	Cl
	Calcium	45	Ca
	Scandium	46	Sc
	Manganese	54	Mn
	Cobalt	56	Co
	Cobalt	60	Co
	Strontium	89	Sr
	Strontium	90	Sr
	Yttrium	91	Y
	Zirconium	95	Zr
	Ruthenium	106	Ru
	Silver	110m	Ag
	Cadmium	115m	Cd
	Indium	114m	In
	Antimony	124	Sb
	Iodine	124	I
	Antimony	125	Sb
	Tellurium	127m	Te
	Tellurium	129m	Te
	Iodine	126	I
	Iodine	131	I
	Iodine	133	I
	Caesium	134	Cs
	Caesium	137	Cs
	Barium	140	Ba
	Cerium	144	Ce
	Europium	152	Eu
	(half-life--13 years)
	Europium	154	Eu
	Terbium	160	Tb
	Thulium	170	Tm
	Hafnium	181	Hf
	Tantallum	182	Ta
	Iridium	192	Ir
	Thallium	204	Tl
	Bismuth	207	Bi
a	Bismuth	210	Bi
a	Astatine	211	At
	Lead	212	Pb
a	Radium	224	Ra
a	Actinium	228	Ac
a	Protoactinium	230	Pa
	Thorium	234	Th
a	Uranium	236	U
a	Berkelium	249	Bk

Class III Radionuclides (Medium Toxicity--Lower Sub-Group B)

Radionuclide			Symbol
	Beryllium	7	Be
	Carbon	14	C
	Flourine	18	F
	Sodium	24	Na
	Chlorine	38	Cl
	Silicon	31	Si
	Phosphorus	32	P
	Sulphur	35	S
	Argon	41	A
	Potassium	42	K
	Potassium	43	K
	Calcium	47	Ca
	Scandium	47	Sc
	Scandium	48	Sc
	Vanadium	48	V
	Chromium	51	Cr
	Iron	52	Fe
	Manganese	52	Mn
	Manganese	56	Mn
	Iron	55	Fe
	Iron	59	Fe
	Cobalt	57	Co
	Cobalt	58	Co
	Nickel	63	Ni
	Nickel	65	Ni
	Copper	64	Cu
	Zinc	65	Zn
	Zinc	69m	Zn
	Gallium	72	Ga
	Arsenic	73	As
	Arsenic	74	As
	Arsenic	76	As
	Arsenic	77	As
	Selenium	75	Se
	Bromine	82	Br
	Krypton	85m	Kr
	Krypton	87	Kr
	Rubidium	86	Rb
	Strontium	85	Sr
	Strontium	91	Sr
	Strontium	92	Sr
	Yttrium	90	Y
	Yttrium	92	Y
	Yttrium	93	Y
	Zirconium	97	Zr
	Niobium	93m	Nb
	Niobium	95	Nb
	Molybdenum	99	Mo
	Technetium	96	Tc
	Technetium	97m	Tc
	Technetium	97	Tc
	Technetium	99	Tc
	Ruthenium	97	Ru
	Ruthenium	103	Ru
	Ruthenium	105	Ru
	Rhodium	105	Rh
	Palladium	103	Pd
	Palladium	109	Pd
	Silver	105	Ag
	Silver	111	Ag
	Cadmium	109	Cd
	Cadmium	115	Cd
	Indium	115m	In

Class III Radionuclides (Medium Toxicity--Lower Sub-Group B)--Continued.

Radionuclide			Symbol
	Tin	113	Sn
	Tin	125	Sn
	Antimony	122	Sb
	Tellurium	125m	Te
	Tellurium	127	Te
	Tellurium	129	Te
	Iodine	130	I
	Tellurium	131m	Te
	Tellurium	132	Te
	Iodine	132	I
	Iodine	134	I
	Iodine	135	I
	Xenon	135	Xe
	Caesium	131	Cs
	Caesium	136	Cs
	Barium	131	Ba
	Lanthanum	140	La
	Cerium	141	Ce
	Cerium	143	Ce
	Praseodymium	142	Pr
	Praseodymium	143	Pr
	Neodymium	147	Nd
	Neodymium	149	Nd
	Promethium	147	Pm
	Promethium	149	Pm
	Samarium	151	Sm
	Samarium	153	Sm
	Europium	152	Eu
	(half-life--9·2 hours)
	Europium	155	Eu
	Gadolinium	153	Gd
	Gadolinium	159	Gd
	Dysprosium	165	Dy
	Dysprsoium	166	Dy
	Holmium	166	Ho
	Erbium	169	Er
	Erbium	171	Er
	Thulium	171	Tm
	Ytterbium	175	Yb
	Lutecium	177	Lu
	Tungsten	181	W
	Tungsten	185	W
	Tungsten	187	W
	Rhenium	183	Re
	Rhenium	186	Re
	Rhenium	188	Re
	Osmium	185	Os
	Osmium	191	Os
	Osmium	193	Os
	Iridium	190	Ir
	Iridium	194	Ir
	Platinum	191	Pt
	Platinum	193	Pt
	Platinum	197	Pt
	Gold	196	Au
	Gold	198	Au
	Gold	199	Au
	Mercury	197	Hg
	Mercury	197m	Hg
	Mercury	203	Hg

Class III Radionuclides (Medium Toxicity--Lower Sub-Group B)--Continued.

Radionuclides			Symbol
	Thallium	200	Tl
	Thallium	201	Tl
	Thallium	202	Tl
	Lead	203	Pb
	Bismuth	206	Bi
a	Bismuth	212	Bi
a	Radon	220	Rn
a	Radon	222	Rn
	Thorium	231	Th
	Protoactinium	233	Pa
	Neptunium	239	Np

Class IV Radionuclides (Low Toxicity)

Radionuclide			Symbol
	Tritium	3	T
	Oxygen	15	O
	Argon	37	A
	Cobalt	58m	Co
	Nickel	59	Nl
	Zinc	69	Zn
	Germanium	71	Ge
	Krypton	85	Kr
	Strontium	85m	Sr
	Rubidium	87	Rb
	Yttrium	91m	Y
	Zirconium	93	Zr
	Niobium	97	Nb
	Technetium	96m	Tc
	Technetium	99m	Tc
	Rhodium	103m	Rh
	Indium	113m	In
	Indium	115	In
	Iodine	129	I
	Xenon	131m	Xe
	Xenon	133	Xe
	Caesium	134m	Cs
a	Samarium	147	Sm
	Rhenium	187	Re
	Osium	191m	Os
	Platinum	193m	Pt
	Platinum	197m	Pt
a	Thorium	232	Th
a	Natural Thorium		Th-Nat
a	Uranium	235	U
a	Uranium	238	U
	Natural Uranium		U-Nat
	Depleted Uranium		U-Dep
	Enriched Uranium		U-Enr

GIVEN under my Official Seal, this 4th day of October, 1972.

JOSEPH BRENNAN,

Minister for Labour.

EXPLANATORY NOTE.

The purpose of these Regulations is to prescribe measures which must be taken to ensure the adequate protection of persons employed in factories and other places, to which the Factories Act, 1955 applies, against ionising radiations arising from unsealed radioactive substances.

The following forms have been approved by the Minister for Labour for the purposes of these regulations:

Regulation 22 (2): Report of examination of photographic films and dosemeters--Form No. I.R.1. (with addendum)

Regulation 23 (1): Radiation Dose Record--Form No. I.R.2. (with addendum)

Regulation 26 (1): Transfer Record--Form No. I.R.3. (with addendum)

Regulation 35 (1): Health Register--Form No. I.R.4. (with addendum)

Regulation 54 (7): Register of Tests of Dosemeters and other Monitoring Instruments--Form No. I.R.6. (with addendum)

	[Home] [Databases] [World Law] [Multidatabase Search] [Help] [Feedback]
	Irish Statutory Instruments
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> Irish Statutory Instruments >> Factories Ionising Radiations (Unsealed Radioactive Substances) Regulations, S.I. No. 249/1972 URL: http://www.bailii.org/ie/legis/num_reg/1972/0249.html

Irish Statutory Instruments

S.I. No. 249/1972 -- Factories Ionising Radiations (Unsealed Radioactive Substances) Regulations, 1972.